4-Methylumbelliferyl β-D-N,N'-diacetylchitobioside (4-μU-(GlcNAc)2) is a fluorogenic substrate for chitinases and chitobiosidases. 4-μU-(GlcNAc)2 is cleaved by chitinases and chitobiosidases to release the fluorescent moiety 4-μU. 4-μU fluorescence is pH-dependent with excitation maxima of 320 and 360 nm at low (1.97-6.72) and high pH (7.12-10.3), respectively, and an emission maximum ranging from 445 to 455 nm, increasing as pH decreases.
4-Methylumbelliferyl caprylate (MUCAP) is a fluorogenic substrate for C8 esterase. MUCAP is cleaved by C8 esterase to release the fluorescent moiety 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU). 4-MU fluorescence is pH-dependent with excitation maxima of 320 and 360 nm at low (1.97-6.72) and high (7.12-10.3) pH, respectively, and an emission maximum ranging from 445 to 455 nm, increasing as pH decreases.
4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-L-iduronide (free acid) is a fluorogenic substrate for α-L-iduronidase, an enzyme found in cell lysosomes that is involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans such as dermatan sulfate and heparin sulfate. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-L-iduronide is cleaved by α-L-iduronidase to release the fluorescent moiety 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU). 4-MU fluorescence is pH-dependent with excitation maxima of 320 and 360 nm at low (1.97-6.72) and high (7.12-10.3) pH, respectively, and an emission maximum ranging from 445 to 455 nM, increasing as pH decreases. This substrate is used in assays that measure the activity of α-L-iduronidase, which is commonly deficient in a type of lysosomal storage disease called mucopolysaccharidosis.
β-Glycerophosphate Disodium Salt Hydrate is a classical serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor used in kinase reaction buffers often used in combination with other phosphatase/protease inhibitors for broad spectrum inhibition and functions as an organic phosphate donor.
4-Methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate for β-hexosaminidases. Upon enzymatic cleavage by β-hexosaminidases, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-μU) is released and its fluorescence can be used to quantify β-hexosaminidase activity. 4-MU fluorescence is pH-dependent with excitation maxima of 320 and 360 nm at low (1.97-6.72) and high pH (7.12-10.3), respectively, and an emission maximum ranging from 445 to 455 nm, increasing as pH decreases. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside has been used to quantify β-hexosaminidase activity in serum or leukocytes from patients with GM2 gangliosidoses such as Tay-Sachs disease, which is characterized by defects in the α subunit of β-hexosaminidase.
4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N,N',N''-triacetylchitotrioside is a fluorogenic substrate for chitinases and chitotriosidases. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N,N',N''-triacetylchitotrioside is cleaved by chitinases and chitotriosidases to release the fluorescent moiety 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU). 4-MU fluorescence is pH-dependent with excitation maxima of 320 and 360 nm at low (1.97-6.72) and high (7.12-10.3) pH, respectively, and an emission maximum ranging from 445 to 455 nM, increasing as pH decreases. It has been used to screen plasma samples for reduced chitotriosidase activity that may be indicative of lysosomal storage disorders.
4’-hydroxy Atomoxetine glucuronide is a metabolite of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor atomoxetine .1It is formed from atomoxetine by glucuronidation of the intermediate metabolite 4-hydroxy atomoxetine.2 1.Todor, I., Popa, A., Neag, M., et al.Evaluation of a potential metabolism-mediated drug-drug interaction between atomoxetine and bupropion in healthy volunteersJ. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.19(2)198-207(2016) 2.Sauer, J.-M., Ring, B.J., and Witcher, J.W.Clinical pharmacokinetics of atomoxetineClin. Pharmacokinet.44(6)571-590(2005)
N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid is an oxidation product and a metabolite of tetrahydrofolate.1Levels of N-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid are increased in the plasma of mice fed a high folic acid-containing diet.2 1.Reed, L.S., and Archer, M.C.Oxidation of tetrahydrofolic acid by airJ. Agric. Food Chem.28(4)801-805(1980) 2.Burton, M.A., Antoun, E., Penailillo, R.S., et al.Folic acid induces intake-related changes in the mammary tissue transcriptome of C57BL/6 miceNutrients12(9)2821(2020)
4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside serves as a fluorogenic substrate for α-glucosidase, used in enzymatic assays. This compound undergoes cleavage by α-glucosidase, releasing 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU), a compound whose fluorescence intensity varies with pH. Specifically, 4-MU exhibits excitation peaks at 320 nm and 360 nm in acidic (pH 1.97-6.72) and alkaline environments (pH 7.12-10.3), respectively, and its emission peak ranges between 445 nm and 455 nm, with brightness increasing as the pH drops. Utilizing these properties, 4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside has been effectively applied in the measurement of α-glucosidase activity within infant blood spot samples, acting as a diagnostic marker for Fabry and Pompe diseases. These illnesses are types of lysosomal storage disorders caused by α-glucosidase enzyme deficiency.