HPO-DAEE (4-Hydroperoxy-2-decenoic acid ethyl ester) performs multiple roles in cellular processes, primarily enhancing nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and activating the antioxidant response element (ARE). It upregulates antioxidant genes such as HO-1 through Nrf2-ARE signaling and initiates the generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, HPO-DAEE inhibits histone deacetylase, promoting the expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase via histone acetylation. It offers protection against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death by activating the Nrf2-ARE and eIF2α-ATF4 pathways [1].