tgf-β

Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) are multifunctional cytokines that have been implicated in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell differentiation. And transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3) is a key protein involved in scar-free healing observed in embryos. Latent TGF beta 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.9 kDa and the accession number is P10600-1.

Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) are multifunctional cytokines that have been implicated in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell differentiation. And transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3) is a key protein involved in scar-free healing observed in embryos. Latent TGF beta 3 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Human, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.9 kDa and the accession number is P10600-1.

TGF-beta RI, also called ALK-5, is an approximately 55 kDa type I transmembrane serine threonine receptor kinase. In the presence of TGF-beta, TGF-beta RI forms a complex with, and is phosphorylated by, TGF-beta RII. Phosphorylated TGF-beta RI can then transiently bind and phosphorylate Smad2 and Smad3. TGF-beta functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Administration of TGF-beta is able to protect against mammary tumor development in transgenic mouse models in vivo. Disruption of the TGF-beta SMAD pathway has been implicated in a variety of human cancers, with the majority of colon and gastric cancers being caused by an inactivating mutation of TGF-beta RII. TGF-beta RI is likely important during development, since mice deficient for TGF-beta RI die at midgestation with severe defects in vascular development of the yolk sac and placenta, and an absence of circulating red blood cells. Furthermore, TGF-beta RI appears to be involved in proper lymphatic network development.

Latent TGF-beta 1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-8xHis-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13 and 35-45 KDa and the accession number is P04202.

Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a member of TGF-beta superfamily that shares a characteristic cysteine knot structure. Mice with TGF-β2 gene deletion show defects in development of cardiac, lung, craniofacial, limb, spinal column, eye, inner ear and urogenital systems. All TGF-β isoforms signal via the same heteromeric receptor complex, consisting of a ligand binding TGF-β receptor type II (TβR-II), and a TGF-β receptor type I (TβR-I). Signal transduction from the receptor to the nucleus is mediated via SMADs. TGF-β expression is found in cartilage, bone, teeth, muscle, heart, blood vessels, haematopoitic cells, lung, kidney, gut, liver, eye, ear, skin, and the nervous system.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Human, Recombinant (H202D, hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.88 kDa and the accession number is Q99988.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is G7PWZ3.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.15 kDa and the accession number is G7PWZ3.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Mouse, Recombinant (hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z0J7.

Transforming growth factor beta 3(TGFB3) is a member of a TGF -β superfamily which is defined by theirstructural and functional similarities. TGFB3 is secreted as a complex with LAP. This latent form of TGFB3becomes active upon cleavage by plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin -1, and a subset ofintegrins. It binds with high affinity to TGF- β RII, a type II serine threonine kinase receptor. TGFB3 is involved incell differentiation, embryogenesis and development.It is believed to regulate molecules involved in cellularadhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation during the process of palate development. Without TGF-β3,mammals develop a deformity known as a cleft palate.

TGFBR2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 25-38 KDa and the accession number is Q62312-2.

GDNF family receptor alpha-2 is a glycosylphosphatidylinosito l (GPI)-linked cell surface receptor. It is part of the GDNF receptor family. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are two structurally related, potent neurotrophic factors that play key roles in the control of neuron survival and differentiation. GFRA2 mediates the NRTN-induced autophosphorylation and activation of the RET receptor. It also able to mediate GDNF signaling through the RET tyrosine kinase receptor. It acts preferentially as a receptor for NTN compared to its other family member, GDNF family receptor alpha 1.

Latent TGF-beta 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-8xHis-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 12 and 37-45 KDa and the accession number is P10600.

Transforming Growth Factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-β family. TGFβ-1 is abundantly expressed in bone, articular cartilage and chondrocytes and is increased in osteoarthritis (OA). TGFβ-1 performs many cellular functions, including the control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. The precursor is cleaved into a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature TGFβ-1 peptide. TGFβ-1 may also form heterodimers with other TGFβ family members. It has been found that TGFβ-1 is frequently upregulated in tumor cells. Mutations in this gene results in Camurati-Engelmann disease.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 10-14 KDa and the accession number is P61812.

Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-beta family. It is known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development. The precursor is cleaved into mature TGF-beta-2 and LAP, which remains non-covalently linked to mature TGF-beta-2 rendering it inactive. It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. Defects in TGFB2 may be a cause of non-syndromic aortic disease (NSAD).

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is the prototype of a growing superfamily of peptide growth factors and plays a prominent role in a variety of cellular processes, including cell-cycle progression, cell differentiation, reproductive function, development, motility, adhesion, neuronal growth, bone morphogenesis, wound healing, and immune surveillance. TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 signal via the same heteromeric receptor complex, consisting of a ligand binding TGF-β receptor type II (TβR-II), and a TGF-β receptor type I (TβR-I). Signal transduction from the receptor to the nucleus is mediated via SMADs. TGF-β expression is found in cartilage, bone, teeth, muscle, heart, blood vessels, haematopoitic cells, lung, kidney, gut, liver, eye, ear, skin, and the nervous system.

The TGFBR2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) receptor type 2. This receptor transmits signals from the cell surface into the cell through a process called signal transduction. Through this type of signaling, the environment outside the cell affects activities inside the cell such as stimulation of cell growth and division. TGFBR2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44 kDa and the accession number is P37173-1.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z0J7.

Latent TGF-beta 1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 11 and 35-45 KDa and the accession number is F7HCV5.

TGFBR2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (aa 24-159, hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 55-65 KDa and the accession number is Q62312-2.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15. GDF-15 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 15.19 kDa and the accession number is Q99988-1.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15. GDF-15 Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.12 kDa and the accession number is A0A8C0TNP6.

The TGFBR2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) receptor type 2. This receptor transmits signals from the cell surface into the cell through a process called signal transduction. Through this type of signaling, the environment outside the cell affects activities inside the cell such as stimulation of cell growth and division. TGFBR2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44 kDa and the accession number is P37173-1.

transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1), a key stimulator of tumor proliferation and metastasis, was a direct target of miR‑98‑5p. miR‑98‑5p overexpression resulted in the downregulation of TGFBR1 and the suppression of the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 and H1299 cells. TGFBR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 38.2 kDa and the accession number is P36897-1.

transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1), a key stimulator of tumor proliferation and metastasis, was a direct target of miR‑98‑5p. miR‑98‑5p overexpression resulted in the downregulation of TGFBR1 and the suppression of the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 and H1299 cells. TGFBR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 38.2 kDa and the accession number is P36897-1.

Left-right determination factor 2(LEFTY2) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-beta family. Lefty was first identified in a screen for undifferentiated cell-specific cDNAs from the P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. Its mRNA expression on the left side of the developing embryo earned the name “Lefty”. The human orthologue was initially identified as Ebaf, Endometrial bleeding associated factor. Lefty contains the six cysteine residues that are conserved among TGF-β related proteins and that are necessary to form the cysteineknot structure. Its function in patterning left-right asymmetry of the developing organ systems such as the heart and lung is consistent in all vertebrate species examined. Lefty acts as an antagonist to Nodal signaling, potentially by competing for binding to a common receptor. It may play a role in endometrial bleeding.

TGFBR2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (aa 24-184, hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 60-75 KDa and the accession number is Q62312.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family members are secreted in inactive complexes with a latency-associated peptide (LAP), a protein derived from the N-terminal region of the TGFβ gene product. Extracellular activation of these complexes is a critical step in regulation of TGFβ function in vivo. The TGFβ1 LAP is a ligand for the integrin αvβ6 and that αvβ6-expressing cells induce spatially restricted activition of TGFβ1. And LAP identifies a novel CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cell subset with TGFbeta-mediated function and enhanced suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Latent TGF-beta 2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-8xHis-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13 and 39-50 KDa and the accession number is P61812.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15. GDF-15 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.68 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z0J6.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.78 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z0J7.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Human, Recombinant (hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is Q99988.

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. Inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. GDF-15 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Cynomolgus, Recombinant (hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is G7PWZ3.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47 kDa and the accession number is A0A8C0RRP5.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.9 kDa and the accession number is P27090.

Latent TGF beta 1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.7 kDa and the accession number is P04202.

Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 (ALK-1) is a type I cell-surface receptor for the TGF-β superfamily of ligands, which mediates signaling of BMP9 (bone morphogenetic protein) and BMP10. ALK1 signaling is necessary for angiogenesis during embryogenesis, wound healing, and tumor growth. ALK-1 has a high degree of similarity in serine-threonine kinase subdomains, a glycine and serine rich region preceding the kinase-domain, and a C-terminal tail with other activin receptor-like kinase proteins. ALK-1 is mainly expressed in endothelial cells regulating proliferation and migration in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Mutations in ALK-1 as well as in endoglin are associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), suggesting ALK-1 plays a critical role for in the control of blood vessel development or repair.

Activin proteins that belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily, exert their biological actions by binding to heteromeric receptor complexes of type I and type II serine threonine kinase receptors. On ligand binding, type I and II receptors form a stable complex, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors with constitutive kinase activity, and subsequently initiates the activation of downstream molecules including the endogenous Smads. ActRIIB, also known as ActRIIB, is a type II receptor containing an extracellular domain (ECD), a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic region that includes the kinase domain. ActRIIB is a receptor for activin A, activin B and inhibin A. Multiple ActRIIB isoforms can also be generated, which bind activin isoforms with different affinities.

Vasorin is a Type I membrane protein, which is predominantly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells in a developmentally regulated pattern. The expression level of Vasorin can be down regulated during vessel repair after arterial injury. Vasorin binds to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and attenuates TGF-β signaling in vitro.

Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), a ligand for the WNT coreceptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP-5 and LRP-6) and an inhibitor of WNT β-catenin signaling, effectively inhibits pericyte activation, detachment, and transition to myofibroblasts in vivo in response to kidney injury, resulting in attenuated fibrogenesis, capillary rarefaction, and inflammation.LRP-6 interacts closely with PDGF receptor β and TGF-β receptor 1 at the cell membrane, suggesting that it may have roles in pathways other than WNT β-catenin.

TGF beta 1 Protein, Rat Mouse, Recombinant is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 12.8 kDa.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5 (BMP-5) is a member of the structurally and functionally related bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) which constitute a novel subfamily of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. In agreement with a possible role in the control of cell death, BMP-5 exhibited a regulated pattern of expression in the interdigital tissue. Transcripts of BMP-5 and BMP-5 protein were abundant within the cytoplasm of the fragmenting apoptotic interdigital cells in a way suggesting that delivery of BMPs into the tissue is potentiated during apoptosis. Gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that BMP-5 has the same effect as other interdigital BMPs inducing apoptosis in the undifferentiated mesoderm and growth in the prechondrogenic mesenchyme. BMP-5 is a member of the 60A subgroup of BMPs, other members of which have been shown to stimulate dendritic growth in central and peripheral neurons. The signaling pathway that mediates the dendrite-promoting activity of BMP-5 may involve binding to BMPR-IA and activation of Smad-1, and relative levels of BMP antagonists such as noggin and follistatin may modulate BMP-5 signaling. Since BMP-5 is expressed at relatively high levels not only in the developing but also the adult nervous system, these findings suggest the possibility that BMP-5 regulates dendritic morphology not only in the developing but also the adult nervous system. BMP-5 may play important roles not only in myocardial differentiation but also in the formation and maintenance of endocardial cushion tissue. Additionally, a high expression level of BMP-5 has been detected in certain tumors of mesenchymal origin.

Mast Cell Protease 1 (MMCP-1), also known as MCP-1, MCPT-1 and β-chymase, is a member of the Chymase family of chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. MCPT-1 is a 26 kDa β-chymase that is a component of mast cell granules. It is a 226 amino acid (aa) protein that has a conserved pattern of six cysteines and one potential glycosylation site. The granule-derived mouse mast cell proteases-1 and -2 (mMCP-1 and -2) colocalize in similar quantities in mucosal mast cells but micrograms of mMCP-1 compared with nanograms of mMCP-2 are detected in peripheral blood during intestinal nematode infection. mMCP-1 isolated from serum is complexed with serpins and both the accumulation and the longevity of mMCP-1 in the blood is due to complex formation, protecting it from a pathway that rapidly clears mMCP-2, which is unable to form complexes with serpins. The mucosal mast cell (MMC) granule-specific beta-chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1), is released systemically into the bloodstream early in nematode infection before parasite-specific IgE responses develop and TGF-beta1 induces the constitutive release of mMCP-1 by homologs of MMC in vitro. Expression of mMCP-1 is largely restricted to intraepithelial MMC and is thought to play a role in the regulation of epithelial permeability. Its activation is completed by the removal of a two residue N-terminal propeptide by a dipeptidyl peptidase (Cathepsin C). MCPT-1 is upregulated in the intestine in response to nematode infection, or systemic mucosa in response to anaphylaxis. Like human α-chymase, MCPT-1 is capable of the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which plays a key role in the regulation of arterial pressure. The intestinal inflammation associated with gastrointestinal helminths is partly mediated by mMCP-1.

Latent TGF beta 1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.7 kDa.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Rhesus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47 kDa and the accession number is F6ZJW6.

Latent TGF beta 1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.4 kDa and the accession number is A0A499FJK2.

Human Artemin is a GDNF family ligand that is distantly related to the TGF-β superfamily of molecules. It is synthesized as a preproprotein, and contains a variable length pre-, or signal sequence, plus a 68 amino acid (aa) proregion and a 113 aa mature segment. Following synthesis and proteolytic processing, mature ARTN is secreted as a presumably glycosylated, 28 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer that contains three intrachain disulfide bonds and the typical TGF-β signature cysteine-knot motif. In the mature region, human ARTN is 89% and 88% aa identical to rat and mouse ARTN, respectively. Human ARTN is active on rodent cells. The receptor for ARTN has been identified as the ligand binding subunit GFRα-3 plus the signal transducing subunit, RET. The GFRα-1 RET receptor complex has also been suggested to be a ligand binding unit for ARTN. ARTN is known to be a chemoattractant for sympathetic neuron axons innervating the developing cardiovascular system. It also promotes sensory neuron survival and likely plays a role in the development of the peripheral nervous system. Finally, it has been reported to reverse neuropathic pain due to nerve injury, and to help resolve morphological changes associated with nerve damage.