RC363 is an inhibitor of ferroptosis and a derivative of the antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic agent probucol .1It reduces 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals by approximately 40% in a cell-free assay when used at a concentration of 25 μM. RC363 prevents glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 cultured hippocampal cells (IC50= 234.5 nM) but does not reduce oxidant levels in these cells. It increases the levels of glutathioneperoxidase 1 (GPX1) and the activity of GPX in glutamate-challenged HT22 cells when used at a concentration of 3 μM. RC363 inhibits ferroptosis induced by the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3 in HT22 cells (IC50= 173.6 nM). 1.Bueno, D.C., Canto, R.F.S., de Souza, V., et al.New probucol analogues inhibit ferroptosis, improve mitochondrial parameters, and induce glutathioneperoxidase in HT22 cellsMol. Neurobiol.57(8)3273-3290(2020)
(E)-2-(2-Chlorostyryl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (CSTMP) is a stilbene derivative with antioxidant and anticancer activities. It stimulates proliferation of hydrogen peroxide-damaged ECV-304 cells (EC50 = 24.9 nM). CSTMP reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in and increases viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a concentration-dependent manner via inhibition of apoptosis. It reverses hydrogen peroxide-induced release of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathioneperoxidase (GSH-Px) activities as well as increases constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production in HUVECs. CSTMP also induces cell death of A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in an IRE1α-dependent manner through induction of IRE1α-TRAF2-ASK1 complex-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial apoptosis.
Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) also upregulates the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduces the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and attenuates the changes in metalloproteinase activity in oligomeric Aβ40-treated astrocytes. Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) ((γ-glutamylcysteine (TFA)), an intermediate in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, is a dipeptide served as an essential cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme glutathioneperoxidase (GPx).
RC574 is an inhibitor of ferroptosis and a derivative of the antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic agent probucol .1It inhibits glutamate-induced cell death in HT22 cells (IC50= 276.2 nM) and mouse primary cortical neurons when used at a concentration of 3 μM. RC574 (3 μM) increases glutathioneperoxidase 1 (GPX1) levels and GPX activity, as well as inhibits glutamate-induced mitochondrial superoxide anion production, in HT22 cells. It completely inhibits ferroptosis induced by the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3 in HT22 cells when used at concentrations ranging from 62.5 to 1,000 nM. 1.Bueno, D.C., Canto, R.F.S., de Souza, V., et al.New probucol analogues inhibit ferroptosis, improve mitochondrial parameters, and induce glutathioneperoxidase in HT22 cellsMol. Neurobiol.57(8)3273-3290(2020)
Spirotetramat is an insecticide that demonstrates efficacy against C. pyrinymphs in vitro (LC50= 6.51-12.53 mg AI L) and achieves a 99.2% mortality rate in C. pyrinymphs within European pear (P. communis) fields 15 days post-application at a dosage of 27 g hectare. Additionally, it reduces embryonic viability and nymph survival in O. insidiosus. Spirotetramat exhibits aquatic toxicity by altering protein levels in organisms, specifically by increasing glutathioneperoxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and causing lethality in Chinese toad (B. gargarizans) tadpoles (LC50= 6.98 mg L). Its formulations are utilized in agricultural insect control. Spirotetramat is marketed exclusively for research and analytical applications, formulated for controlled laboratory settings without the availability of bulk sizes.
JKE-1716 is an inhibitor of glutathioneperoxidase 4 (GPX4) and a derivative of the GPX4 inhibitor ML-210 .1JKE-1716 reduces viability of LOX-IMVI cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner and in a panel of additional cancer cell lines, an effect that can be blocked by the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 . 1.Eaton, J.K., Furst, L., Ruberto, R.A., et al.Selective covalent targeting of GPX4 using masked nitrile-oxide electrophilesNat. Chem. Biol.16(5)497-506(2020)