a-317491 sodium hydrate

A-317491 sodium salt hydrate is a non-nucleotide P2X3 and P2X2 3 receptor antagonist that inhibits receptor-mediated calcium flux.

Balsalazide sodium hydrate (Balsalazide disodium) 可通过调节IL-6 STAT3通路起抑癌作用，可用于治疗炎症性肠病。

Alendronate sodium hydrate (MK 217) 是 farnesyl diphosphate synthase 抑制剂(IC50:460 nM)。

Ceftriaxone sodium hydrate 是一种头孢菌素类抗生素，对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌均有活性。它具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。

Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide (hydrate) 与一氧化氮一样，是一种重要的气体介质，对哺乳动物的免疫、神经、心血管和肺系统有重要影响。Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide (hydrate)是一种H2S 供体，常用于细胞和整个动物实验系统。例如，它被用来证明H2S 促进中性粒细胞迁移，减少气道炎症，保护神经轴突、心脏和肠道免受化学或缺血再灌注损伤。

Pantoprazole Sodium Hydrate (BY1023 (sodium hydrate)) 是一种具有口服活性的质子泵抑制剂。它是取代的苯并咪唑，是H+ K+-ATPase 抑制剂。它可改善 pH 值稳定性，具有抗分泌和抗溃疡的作用。它联合阿霉素可显著增加肿瘤生长延迟。

D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate 是碳水化合物代谢的中间体，包括糖酵解和糖异生。在糖酵解过程中，它是由磷酸果糖激酶磷酸化果糖-6-磷酸产生的。由果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶-1介导的逆反应是糖异生的限速步骤之一。同样的反应也发生在植物的叶绿体中，D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate 作为还原性戊糖磷酸循环的一部分。由于癌细胞采用糖酵解作为代谢能量产生的主要来源，这一途径已成为癌症化疗的主要靶点。

D-Fructose-6-phosphate (sodium salt hydrate) 是由磷酸葡萄糖异构酶将 6-磷酸葡萄糖异构化产生的糖酵解途径的糖中间体，可用于研究癌症。

Bromfenac sodium hydrate (Bromfenac monosodium salt sesquihydrate) 是一种可口服的 COX 抑制剂，抑制 COX-1和COX-2的IC50值分别为 5.56 和 7.45 nM。它是一种溴化非甾体类抗炎药，有用于白内障的术后炎症和疼痛以及假晶状体囊状黄斑水肿的研究。

Amfenac Sodium Hydrate 是一种含有乙酸部分的非甾体镇痛抗炎药，是 COX-2抑制剂。

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sodium taurocholate hydrate) 是一种胆汁酸钠盐水合物，作用是参与脂肪的乳化。

Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt monohydrate) 已用于一项研究，以评估亚胶束浓度的胆汁盐对脂质双层膜的影响。

Metamizole sodium hydrate (Analgin) 可抑制环氧合酶(COX)，用于缓解疼痛的研究。

Dicloxacillin Sodium hydrate 是一种青霉素类窄谱β内酰胺抗生素，可研究革兰氏阳性菌感染。

Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate (Sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate) 通过阻断钙介导的凋亡通路和 Caspase-12的活化来阻止细胞凋亡。它可用于原发性胆汁性肝硬化、胰岛素抵抗、淀粉样变性、囊性纤维化、胆汁淤积和肌萎缩侧索硬化症。

UDP-Glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)

Cromoglicic acid , cromolyn (USAN), cromoglycate (former BAN), or cromoglicate, is traditionally described as a mast cell stabilizer, and is commonly marketed as the sodium salt sodium cromoglicate or cromolyn sodium. This drug prevents the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine from mast cells. Because of their convenience (and perceived safety), leukotriene receptor antagonists have largely replaced it as the non-corticosteroid treatment of choice in the treatment of asthma. Cromoglicic acid requires administration four times daily, and does not provide additive benefit in combination with inhaled corticosteroids.

α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in glycogen metabolism.1,2It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucose, the glucose donor in glycogen biosynthesis.2α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate can be formed during glycogen breakdownviaphosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase.1It can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is combined with CTP by α-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase to form CDP-glucose in the first step of CDP-D-tyvelose biosynthesis inS. typhi.3Bacterial sucrose phosphorylase converts sucrose and phosphate into D-fructose and α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.4 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen breakdown requires the interplay of several enzymesBiochemistry(2002) 2.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen is synthesized and degraded by different pathwaysBiochemistry(2002) 3.Koropatkin, N.M., and Holden, H.M.Molecular structure of ɑ-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase from Salmonella typhiJ. Biol. Chem.279(42)44023-44029(2004) 4.Goedl, C., Schwarz, A., Minani, A., et al.Recombinant sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: Characterization, kinetic studies of transglucosylation, and application of immobilised enzyme for production of ɑ-Ｄ-glucose 1-phosphateJ. Biotechnol.129(1)77-86(2007)

L-Tartaric acid (L-(+)-Tartaric acid) sodium hydrate，D-酒石酸的对映异构体，是一种存在于多种植物（例如葡萄）中的白色结晶二羧酸，也是葡萄酒中的主要有机酸之一。此化合物能与碳酸氢钠反应生成二氧化碳，用作面粉膨松剂，同时也是食品添加剂。

5-Phospho-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) is a natural intermediate involved in the pentose phosphate pathway leading to purine, pyrimidine, and histidine metabolism. It is also an intermediate in the synthesis of plant hormones, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites from glucose. Several phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTases) use PRPP as a substrate to add a 5-phosphoribosyl group to another substrate, as in the production of adenosine monophosphate from adenine and PRPP by adenine PRTase. N/A

Avibactam sodium hydrate (NXL-104 hydrate) 是 β-内酰胺酶的共价可逆抑制剂，不含β-内酰胺核心 。Avibactam sodium hydrate 抑制 β-内酰胺酶CTX-M-15和TEM-1，IC50分别为5 nM 和 8 nM。

Sodium glycocholate hydrate 是一种有用的有机化合物，可用于生命科学领域的相关研究。其产品编号为 T66376，CAS号为 338950-81-5。

Meclofenamate sodium is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, which can specifically inhibit chemokine-induced human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function: chemotaxis, degranulation, and superoxide anion free radical production.

Cefsulodin is a β-lactam antibiotic that lyses actively-growingE. coliby binding specifically to the intermembrane proteins, penicillin-binding proteins 1a and b, whose transglycosylase and transpeptidase activities are involved in cell elongation and septation.1Cefsulodin has been used in combination with other β-lactam antibiotics, such as cefazolin as a strategy to circumvent drug resistance.2

Mifamurtide protects mice against herpes simplex virus type 2. It also is a macrophage activator.

D-Mannose-6-Phosphate sodium salt hydrate 是一种多功能单糖，可用于研究代谢、溶酶体传递和癌症。

Adenosine 3’-monophosphate is a nucleotide and metabolite formedviahydrolysis of 2’,3’-cAMP by metal-dependent phosphodiesterases.1It reduces proliferation of rat preglomerular vascular smooth muscles cells (PGVSMCs) and glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that is abolished by the adenosine A2Breceptor antagonist MRS1754.2Adenosine 3’-monophosphate is also a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of adenosine .

Prasterone is an endogenous steroid hormone. Prasterone acts as an agonist at ERβ, NMDA, and σ1 receptors, a partial agonist at ERα and AR, and antagonist at GABA-A receptors. It displays a variety of biologocial activities, including enhancing working me

Betamethasone 21-phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid.1It prevents increases in macrophage and eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreases in blood leukocyte numbers in a guinea pig model of parainfluenza-3 viral infection when administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg but does not prevent airway hyperresponsiveness after infection.2Betamethasone 21-phosphate inhibits cell infiltration into the aqueous humor in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis when administered topically or subcutaneously at doses of 0.01-1% or 1 mg/kg, respectively.3It increases maximal lung pressure volume curves in fetal sheep when administered to pregnant ewes at 0.75 gestation at doses of 80 and 170 μg/kg.1Betamethasone 21-phosphate increases body weight, impairs learning and memory, increases anxiolytic behavior, and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in CD-1 mice but reduces body weight and increases neurogenesis with no effect on anxiety in high-anxiety DBA/2 mice when administered at a dose of approximately 25 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for seven weeks.4Formulations containing betamethasone 12-phosphate and betamethasone acetate have been used in the treatment of severe allergic conditions and a variety of immune-related conditions. 1.Loehle, M., Schwab, M., Kadner, S., et al.Dose-response effects of betamethasone on maturation of the fetal sheep lungAm. J. Obstet. Gynecol.202(2)186.e181-186.e187(2010) 2.Leusink-Muis, A., Ten Broeke, R., Folkerts, G., et al.Betamethasone prevents virus-induced airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigsClin. Exp. Allergy29(Suppl. 2)82-85(1999) 3.Tsuji, F., Sawa, K., Kato, M., et al.The effects of betamethasone derivatives on endotoxin-induced uveitis in ratExp. Eye Res.64(1)31-36(1997) 4.Aiello, R., Crupi, R., Leo, A., et al.Long-term betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium treatment has distinct effects in CD1 and DBA/2 mice on animal behavior accompanied by opposite effects on neurogenesisBehav. Brain Res.278155-166(2015)

Palmoxirate sodium hydrate is a potent inhibitor of long-chain fatty acid oxidation.

Saccharin, sodium salt hydrate is used in the food industry and for sweetening diabetes diet. It is also used as a synthetic sweet ignorance agent. Saccharin, sodium salt hydrate is the first generation′ synthetic sugar alternative that has been studied f

Liothyronine sodium hydrate (Triiodothyronine sodium hydrate) 是 TRα 和 TRβ 激动剂，也是甲状腺素类似物，具有抗癌抗肿瘤活性，可用于研究甲状腺功能减退症、中风和认知功能障碍。

Indomethacin sodium hydrate (Indometacin sodium hydrate) 是一种口服活性、竞争性和可逆性的 COX1 2 抑制剂，具有潜在的抗炎活性，可诱发的偏头痛，诱导的胃肠道损伤，可用于研究成人继发于严重创伤性脑损伤的颅内压增高和类风湿性关节。

Faropenem sodium hemipentahydrate is an orally administered beta-lactam antibiotic within the penem group, exhibiting resistance to certain types of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (beta-lactamase).

MRS 2211 sodium hydrate 是一种对P2Y13受体的竞争性拮抗剂 (pIC50= 5.97)。该化合物对P2Y13受体具有高度选择性，与P2Y1和P2Y12受体相比，选择性超过20倍。MRS 2211 sodium hydrate 可用于深入研究P2Y13受体在血液细胞、神经系统和免疫系统等各种生理和病理过程中的功能。

substrate of IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH)

Estrone-3-Glucuronide is a metabolite of the primary premenopausal estrogen 17β-estradiol .1,2Urinary levels of estrone-3-Glucuronide peak approximately 36 hours prior to ovulation and have been used as a marker of fertility in women. 1.Blackwell, L.F., Brown, J.B., and Cooke, D.Definition of the potentially fertile period from urinary steroid excretion rates. Part II. A threshold value for pregnanediol glucuronide as a marker for the end of the potentially fertile period in the human menstrual cycleSteroids63(1)5-13(1998) 2.Adlercreutz, H., Brown, J., Collins, W., et al.The measurement of urinary steroid glucuronides as indices of the fertile period in womenJ. Steroid Biochem.17(6)695-702(1982)

Tolmetin sodium dihydrate, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is a potent and orally active inhibitor of COX (cyclooxygenase). Its IC 50 values for human COX-1 and COX-2 are 0.35 μM and 0.82 μM, respectively [1] [2].

Cromolyn is a chromone complex that acts as a mast cell stabilizer, preventing the release of histamine. Its mechanism of action is thought to involve an interference with the antigen-stimulated calcium transport across the mast cell membrane, thereby inhibiting mast cell release of histamine, leukotrienes, and other substances that cause hypersensitivity reactions.

1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of the color additive pyranine.1It has been used to stabilize intermolecular interactions for the crystallization ofL. mexicanapyruvate kinase.2 1.Jitian, S., White, S.R., Yang, H.-H.W., et al.Conventional high-performance liquid chromatography versus derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of 1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt and 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt in the color additive D&C Green No. 8 (Pyranine)J. Chromatogr. A1324238-241(2014) 2.Morgan, H.P., McNae, I.W., Hsin, K.-Y., et al.An improved strategy for the crystallization of Leishmania mexicana pyruvate kinaseActa Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun.66(Pt 3)215-218(2010)

UDP-N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine is a natural nucleotide sugar that is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues to substrates.1It is an important component of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in fungi and lipopolysaccharide production in bacteria.2,3 1.Roseman, S.Reflections on glycobiologyJ. Biol. Chem.276(45)41527-41542(2001) 2.Kudo, F., and Eguchi, T.Biosynthetic genes for aminoglycoside antibioticsJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)62(9)471-481(2009) 3.Mulrooney, E.F., Poon, K.K., McNally, D.J., et al.Biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-L-fucosamine, a precursor to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O11J. Biol. Chem.280(20)19535-19542(2005)

Gemcitabine monophosphate sodium salt hydrate 是Gemcitabine 的单磷酸盐衍生物。

Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A sodium hydrate (Acetoacetyl-CoA sodium hydrate) 是聚-β-羟基丁酸酯的前体，与机体能量代谢紧密相关，缺乏会诱导代谢疾病 。

Cacodylic acid, employed extensively in buffers for electron microscopy techniques and in introducing arsenic into proteins for single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing in protein crystallography, has been found to elevate tumor formation risk in the bladder, kidney, liver, and thyroid gland of rats exposed to carcinogens, at concentrations starting from as low as 50 ppm for the bladder.

Alisertib sodium hydrate is a salt of Alisertib --- an inhibitor of Aurora A kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Alisertib binds to and inhibits Aurora A kinase, which may result in disruption of the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus, disruption of chromosome segregation, and inhibition of cell proliferation.

Guanosine 5’-diphosphate (GDP) is a purine nucleotide and biosynthetic precursor of guanosine 5’-triphosphate .1It has been used to study the conformations of GTPases.2GDP (100 μM) activates sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B) linked to the inward-rectifier potassium channel 6.1 (Kir6.1) in HEK293T cells in a patch-clamp assay.3 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Biochemistry(2002) 2.Vetter, I.R., and Wittinghofer, A.The guanine nucleotide-binding switch in three dimensionsScience294(5545)1299-1304(2001) 3.Yamada, M., Isomoto, S., Matsumoto, S., et al.Sulphonylurea receptor 2B and Kir6.1 form a sulphonylurea-sensitive but ATP-insensitive K+ channelJ. Physiol.499(Pt 3)715-720(1997)

Uridine-5’-monophosphate (UMP) is a ribonucleotide.1It is formedviadecarboxylation of orotidine-5’-monophosphate (5’-OMP) by OMP decarboxylase. UMP is further phosphorylated by UMP-CMP kinase to form UDP and UTP during nucleic acid biosynthesis. Formulations containing UMP have been used as dietary supplements. 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Nucleotide BiosynthesisBiochemistry(2002)

Uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)