ca-ii

Carbonic Anhydrase 2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30 kDa and the accession number is P00918.

Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption. Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6. Carbonic Anhydrase 2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.7 kDa and the accession number is P27139.

Carbonic Anhydrase-Related Protein 11 (CA11) is a secreted protein member of the α-carbonic anhydrase family. Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. CA11 is expressed abundantly in the brain with moderate expression also present in spinal cord and thyroid. CA11 may play a general role in the central nervous system.

The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) are classified as metalloenzyme for its zinc ion prosthetic group and form a family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, a reversible reaction that takes part in maintaining acid-base balance in blood and other tissues. The carbonic anhydrasekl (CA) family consists of at least 11 enzymatically active members and a few inactive homologous proteins. The CAXIII is a member of the CA family, which owns a globular molecule with high structural similarity to cytosolic isozymes, CAI, II, and III. Recombinant mouse CAXIII showed catalytic activity similar to those of mitochondrial CAV and cytosolic CAI. In human tissues, CAXIII expression was identified in the thymus, small intestine, spleen, prostate, ovary, colon, and testis. In mouse, positive tissues included the spleen, lung, kidney, heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and testis. In conclusion, the predicted amino acid sequence, structural model, distribution, and activity data suggest that CAXIII represents a novel enzyme, which may play important physiological roles in several organs.

S100A16 is a member of S100 protein superfamily that carries calcium-binding EF-hand motifs. S100 proteins are cell- and tissue-specific and are involved in many intra- and extracellular processes through interacting with specific target proteins. S100A16 expression was found to be astrocyte-specific. The S100A16 protein was found to accumulate within nucleoli and to translocate to the cytoplasm in response to Ca(2+) stimulation. The homodimeric structure of human S100A16 in the apo state has been obtained both in the solid state and in solution, resulting in good agreement between the structures with the exception of two loop regions. The homodimeric solution structure of human S100A16 was also calculated in the calcium(II)-bound form. Differently from most S100 proteins, the conformational rearrangement upon calcium binding is minor. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that S100A16 could physically interact with tumor suppressor protein p53, also a known inhibitor of adipogenesis. Overexpression or RNA interference-initiated reduction of S100A16 led to the inhibition or activation of the expression of p53-responsive genes, respectively. S100A16 protein is a novel adipogenesis-promoting factor and that increased expression of S100A16 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes can have a negative impact on insulin sensitivity.

Calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II beta (CAMK2B) is a member of the serine threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca(2+) calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. CaMKII is an important player in prostate cancer cells ability to escape apoptosis under androgen ablation and facilitate the progression of prostate cancer cells to an androgen independent state. As a multifunctional protein kinase, the loss of activity may play a critical role in initiating the changes leading to ischemia-induced cell death. CaMKII are found to be important for the functions of immune cells. CaMKII can be activated by TLR ligands, and in turn promotes both myeloid differentiating factor 88 and Toll IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein-inducing IFN-beta-dependent inflammatory responses by directly activating TAK1 and IRF3. CAMKII has four subunit isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, delta). It is possible that distinct isoforms of this chain have different cellular localizations and interact differently with calmodulin. The alpha- and beta-isoforms have narrow distributions restricted mainly to neuronal tissues, but the gamma- and delta-isoforms are ubiquitously expressed within neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. CAMK2B is important for controlling the direction of plasticity at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse. CaMK2 is involved in neuronal survival through the reorganization of the neuroarchitecture and that the regulation of this role is controlled at the level of gene expression. Because CaMK2B influences the expression of many neuroreceptors and influences neural outgrowth and pruning, its altered expression in the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia or depression may contribute to schizophrenia and depression.

S100 protein is a family of low molecular weight protein found in vertebrates characterized by two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. There are at least 21 different S100 proteins, and the name is derived from the fact that the protein is 100% soluble in ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. Most S100 proteins are disulfide-linked homodimer, and is normally present in cells derived from the neural crest, chondrocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc. S1 proteins have been implicated in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions. They are involved in regulation of protein phosphorylation, transcription factors, the dynamics of cytoskeleton constituents, enzyme activities, cell growth and differentiation, and the inflammatory response. Protein S100-A10, also known as Calpactin I light chain, Cellular ligand of annexin II, S100 calcium-binding protein A10, p10 protein, p11, ANX2LG and S100A10, is a member of the S100 family of small, dimeric EF hand-type Ca(2+)-binding proteins that generally modulate cellular target proteins in response to intracellular Ca(2+) signals. In contrast to all other S100 proteins, S100A10 is Ca(2+) insensitive because of amino acid replacements in its Ca(2+)-binding loops that lock the protein in a permanently active state. S100A10 forms a heterotetramer with annexin IIH and promotes carcinoma invasion and metastasis by plasminogen activation. S100A10 and annexin II contribute to the aggressive characteristics of anaplastic carcinoma, while playing a constitutive role in papillary carcinoma. S100A10 induces the dimerization of ANXA2 p36, it may function as a regulator of protein phosphorylation in that the ANXA2 monomer is the preferred target of tyrosine-specific kinase. S100A10 functions as a linker tethering certain transmembrane proteins to annexin A2 thereby assisting their traffic to the plasma membrane and or their firm anchorage at certain membrane sites.