genotoxic

1,3-Dithiane (1,3-Dithian) 是一种受保护的甲醛阴离子等价物，可用作有用的标记合成子。它是在煮熟的牛肉提取物中发现的含硫美拉德反应产物 。

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) 是一种 α，β 不饱和羟基烯醛，可作为氧化 亚硝化应激生物标志物。它是ALDH2的底物和抑制剂。它可以调节许多信号传导过程，主要是通过与蛋白质，核酸和膜脂质中具有亲核官能团的共价加合物形成的。它通过线粒体在癌症中起重要作用。

Lucidin primeveroside (Lucidin 3-O-primeveroside) 是从茜草的根粉中分离得到的天然产物，可用作着色剂和食用色素。 Lucidin Primeveroside 可以在小鼠体内代谢转化为基因毒性化合物 Lucidin。

4′-methylacetophenone 是一种香料，普遍存在于食品中的挥发性化合物和某些天然复合物中。

Levofloxacin N-oxide 是从左氧氟沙星中分离出来的杂质。

Skimmianine (Chloroxylonine) 是一种呋喹啉类生物碱，主要存在于芸香科，具有抗炎、抗痉挛和抗血小板聚集活性。它对多种癌细胞系具有细胞毒性和基因毒性。

Azobenzene是一种光触发器，可用于设计和合成各种光响应系统。Azobenzene 具有遗传毒性，可诱发脾脏和其他腹部器官的侵袭性肉瘤。

Diaveridine (AI3-23935) 是二氢叶酸还原酶的抑制剂，对于野生型 DHFR 的Ki 值为 11.5 nM。它也是一种抗菌剂。

2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (2,5-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran-3-one) 是一种调味物质，无遗传毒性。

1-Hydroxyanthraquinone 是口服有效的天然产物，来源于植物 Tabebuia avellanedae，显示出致癌活性。

N-Acetylglycine 是一种食物中的少量成分，无基因毒性和急性毒性，能够用于模拟肽的生物研究。N-Acetylglycine 可充当一种多肽的 N 端的阻断剂。

Sunset Yellow FCF (Sunset yellow) 是一种橙色偶氮染料，吸光度具有pH 依赖性。Sunset Yellow FCF 可在食品，化妆品和药品中使用，在许多食品中用作着色剂食品添加剂，它们可能具有细胞毒性和遗传毒性，因此在使用这些材料作为食品添加剂时必须小心。

Inauhzin (INZ) 是一种新型小分子，通过抑制 SIRT1 活性有效地重新激活 p53，促进人 Y 细胞的 p53 依赖性凋亡，在 A549 细胞中的IC50为3 uM。

Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) 在瑞士小鼠中表现出遗传毒性和生殖毒性，并且作为一种口服有效的氧化应激和DNA损伤诱导剂。该化合物因其热稳定性和抗压力性，结合同一分子上拥有的防水、防油以及亲水特性，常被用作氟聚合物制造过程中的加工助剂。

Illudin S (ILS)是一种真菌倍半萜次生代谢物，具有很强的遗传毒性和细胞毒性

MSN-50, an inhibitor of Bax and Bak oligomerization, inhibits liposome permeabilization, prevents genotoxic cell death and promotes neuroprotection.

Jatropham 是一种天然化合物，从百合花中分离得到。它被证明具有调节和降低 zeocin 的细胞毒性和遗传毒性/致裂作用的潜力。

Cylindrospermopsin, a tricyclic uracil derivative, is a cyanobacterial toxin that was first discovered in an algal bloom contaminating a local drinking supply on Palm Island in Queensland, Australia after an outbreak of a mysterious disease. Cylindrospermopsin targets protein and glutathione synthesis in hepatocytes (IC50s = 1.3 and 2.4 µM, respectively), leading to cell death. [1] It has been shown to inhibit the activity of the uridine monophosphate synthase complex with a Ki value of 10 µM.[2] Cylindrospermopsin is genotoxic, inducing DNA damage as evidenced by double strand breaks and reducing cell viability in HepG2 cells at 0.1-0.5 µg ml.[3]

5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4References 5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4 References

Arecaidine propargyl ester is an agonist of M2muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs).1It selectively binds to M2over M1, M3, M4, and M5mAChRs in CHO cells expressing the human receptors (Kis = 0.0871, 1.23, 0.851, 0.977, and 0.933 μM, respectively). Arecaidine propargyl ester induces contractions in isolated guinea pig atrium (pD2= 8.67). It induces apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in U87 and U251 glioblastoma cells when used at a concentration of 100 μM.2Arecaidine propargyl ester decreases mean arterial blood pressure in normotensive cats (ED25= 1.9 nmol kg).3It is toxic to house flies (Musca) when administered at a dose of 75 μg fly.4 1.Scapecchi, S., Matucci, R., Bellucci, C., et al.Highly chiral muscarinic ligands: the discovery of (2S,2’R,3’S,5’R)-1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine 3-sulfoxide methyl iodide, a potent, functionally selective, M2 partial agonistJ. Med. Chem.49(6)1925-1931(2006) 2.Di Bari, M., Tombolillo, B., Conte, C., et al.Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects mediated by M2 muscarinic receptor activation in human glioblastoma cellsNeurochem. Int.90261-270(2015) 3.Porsius, A.J., and Van Zwieten, P.A.Central action of some cholinergic drugs (arecaidine esters) and nicotine on blood pressure and heart rate of catsProg. Brain Res.47131-135(1977) 4.Honda, H., Tomizawa, M., and Casida, J.E.Insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: Pharmacological and toxicological profiles of antagonists and agonistsJ. Agric. Food Chem.55(6)2276-2281(2007)

N-Nitroso fluoxetine is a derivative of fluoxetine.1It is genotoxic toS. typhimuriumwhen used at concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 0.12 mg/ml.

Cyanazine, a triazine herbicide, is utilized for effective control of a diverse range of grass and broadleaf weeds. It has been scientifically validated as non-genotoxic.

Bromodichloroacetonitrile (BDCAN)是一种主要存在于BDCAN和加工废水中的氮消毒副产物，具有遗传毒性和细胞毒性。

Dibromochloroacetaldehyde, a trihalogenated acetaldehyde compound, is present as a byproduct in drinking water. It exhibits genotoxic properties.