peroxynitrite

Uric Acid (Lithic acid) 是一种重要的抗氧化剂。Uric acid 能清除活性氧(ROS) ，如单线态氧和过氧亚硝酸盐，抑制脂质过氧化。Uric acid 有助于维持血压的稳定和抗氧化应激。

GKT136901 (AK120765) 是选择性的和具有口服活性的 NADPH 氧化酶 NOX-1 4抑制剂，Ki 分别为 160 和 165 nM。它具有抗炎症活性。它也是一种选择性和直接的过氧亚硝酸清除剂。它可用于糖尿病肾病，中风和神经退行性疾病的研究。

MEG hemisulfate (Mercaptoethylguanidine hemisulfate) 是一种有效和选择性的诱导型 NO 合酶 (iNOS) 的抑制剂，在组织匀浆中抑制 iNOS，ecNOS 和 bNOS 的 EC50 值分别为 11.5，110 和 60 μM。MEG hemisulfate 也有效的过氧亚硝酸盐清除剂，可抑制过氧亚硝酸盐诱导的氧化过程。MEG hemisulfate 在许多炎症实验模型中具有保护作用，包括缺血 再灌注损伤，牙周炎，失血性休克，炎性肠病以及内毒素和败血性休克。

Phloretin (NSC-407292) 是从苹果树叶中提取的一种查耳酮，具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗癌活性。它是真核尿素转运蛋白抑制剂，可阻断 VacA 介导的尿素和离子转运，有潜力用于类风湿性关节炎和过敏性气道炎症的相关研究。

Uric acid sodium 是氧自由基 (oxygen radical) 的清除剂，是一种有效的、常见的抗氧化剂，有助于维持机体血压稳定和抗氧化应激。Uric acid sodium 能清除活性氧 (ROS)，如单线态氧和过氧亚硝酸盐，对脂质过氧化有抑制作用，与痛风性关节病的发病机理和草酸钙结石的形成有关。

3-Nitro-L-tyrosine (3-Nitrotyrosine) 在系统自免疫原性条件下，能够作无氮自由基修饰蛋白的生物标记物。

Coelenterazine 是一种超氧阴离子敏感化学发光探针，可用于检测过氧亚硝酸盐的化学发光，并可以作为 apoaequorin 和 Renilla 荧光素酶的发光酶底物。

CPH hydrochloride是一种细胞渗透性的高效自由基捕获剂，主要用于体外环境中检测超氧自由基和过氧亚硝酸盐。

9(10)-Nitrooleate，一个内源性脂质信号分子混合体，主要由9-硝基油酸和10-硝基油酸组成。在过氧亚硝酸、酸化亚硝酸和髓过氧化物酶的作用下，该化合物通过与过氧化氢（H2O2）和亚硝酸反应，硝化油酸而形成。

Fe-TMPyP binds to the prion protein PrP and inhibits misfolding. Fe-TMPyP is also a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst.

Mn(III)TMPyP is a manganese-porphyrin which acts as a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic and peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. SOD mimetics described to date are unstable and are capable of catalyzing undesired side-reactions in addition to the dismutation of the superoxide radical (O2-). Mn(III)TMPyP is an SOD mimetic with increased stability to pH and hydrogen peroxide. The rate constant for superoxide dismutation and peroxynitrite decomposition are 3.9 x 107 M-1s-1 and ~2 x 106 M-1s-1, respectively. Mn(III)TMPyP protected and enhanced the growth of SOD E. coli with a doubling time of 60 minutes (as compared to 240 minutes of the control) at 25 µM.

Peroxynitrite is a highly reactive nitrogen species formed from the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide.[1] FeTPPS is a ferric porphyrin complex that causes the decomposition of peroxynitrite by catalytic isomerization to produce nitrate both in vitro and in vivo. The conversion of this reactive nitrogen species to nitrate results in cytoprotection (EC50 = 5 µM). [2][3] FeTPPS does not complex with NO and does not alter superoxide directly. It is commonly used to elucidate the roles of peroxynitrite in oxidative stress, cell damage, and intracellular signaling. [4][5][6]

Nitrated unsaturated fatty acids, such as 10- and 12-nitrolinoleate , cholesteryl nitrolinoleate, and nitrohydroxylinoleate, represent a new class of endogenous lipid-derived signalling molecules. LNO2 isomers serve as potent endogenous ligands for PPARγ and can also decompose or be metabolized to release nitric oxide. 9-Nitrooleate is one of two regioisomers of nitrooleate, the other being 10-nitrooleate (OA-NO2; used for the mixture of isomers), which are formed by nitration of oleic acid in approximately equal proportions in vivo. Peroxynitrite, acidified nitrite, and myeloperoxidase in the presence of H2O2 and nitrite, all mediate the nitration of oleic acid. OA-NO2 is found in human plasma as the free acid and esterified in phospholipids at concentrations of 619 ± 52 nM and 302 ± 369 nM, respectively. OA-NO2 activates PPARγ approximately 7-fold at a concentration of 1 μM and effectively promotes differentiation 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes at 3 μM.

9(E),11(E)-12-nitro Conjugated linoleic acid (9(E),11(E)-12-nitro CLA) is a nitrated fatty acid. It is formed from 9(Z),11(E)-CLA upon exposure to acidified nitrite, peroxynitrite, gaseous nitrogen dioxide, or a combination of myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite.1It is also formed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, an effect that can be reduced by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME .29(E),11(E)-12-nitro CLA has been found in human plasma. 1.Woodcock, S.R., Salvatore, S.R., Bonacci, G., et al.Biomimetic nitration of conjugated linoleic acid: Formation and characterization of naturally occurring conjugated nitrodienesJ. Org. Chem.79(1)25-33(2014) 2.Bonacci, G., Baker, P.R.S., Salvatore, S.R., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a preferential substrate for fatty acid nitrationJ. Biol. Chem.287(53)44071-44082(2012)

MnTBAP chloride (Mn(III)TBAP) 是一种具有细胞渗透性的超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 模拟物和过氧亚硝酸盐清除剂，能使SOD-大肠杆菌的加倍时间减少了2倍。 MnTBAP chloride 通过上调 BMPR-II 和抑制 NFκB 信号传导展现抗炎作用。MnTBAP chloride 是一种锰卟啉配合物，具有抗氧化性能，具有用于研究慢性肾脏疾病 (CKDs) 纤维化反应的潜力。

Coumarin boronic acid (CBA) is a fluorescent probe that can be used to detect peroxynitrite , hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide.It reacts with peroxynitrite at an exponentially faster rate (k = 1.1 μM s) than hydrogen peroxide (k =1.5 M s) and moderately faster rate than hypochlorous acid. Peroxynitrite oxidizes CBA into the fluorescent product 7-hydroxycoumarin (COH), which displays excitation emission maxima of 332 470 nm, respectively.

Coumarin boronic acid pinacolate ester (CBE) is a more soluble form of coumarin boronic acid that can be used to detect peroxynitrite , hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Peroxynitrite oxidizes CBE into the fluorescent product 7-hydroxycoumarin (COH), which displays excitation emission maxima of 332 470 nm, respectively.

GKT136901 hydrochloride 是一种具有口服活性、选择性和高效性的 NADPH 氧化酶 NOX-1 4 抑制剂，是过氧亚硝酸盐的选择性清除剂，可抑制 METH 诱导的 ROS 产生。GKT136901 hydrochloride 具有抗炎活性，可用于研究神经退行性疾病。

BTNPO is a unimolecular two-photon fluorescent probe.

Mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) dihydrobromide 是选择性的诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂和过氧亚硝酸盐清除剂，在炎症性肠病研究中具有潜力。

6-Methoxypurine-9-β-D-5’(R)-C-methylriboside 是一种嘌呤碱基，属于次黄嘌呤似物，主要在肌肉组织中发现。作为黄嘌呤在嘌呤氧化酶作用下的代谢产物，次黄嘌呤具备显著的抗炎性质，并可作为内源性 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 的抑制剂。其通过抑制 PARP 活性，防止过氧亚硝酸盐引起的线粒体去极化及次级超氧化物的产生，展现出细胞保护作用。同时，次黄嘌呤也被用作缺氧的生物标志物。

Superoxide dismutase（SOD，超氧化物歧化酶）是一种交替催化超氧化物阴离子自由基（O2-)歧化分解为O2和H2O2的酶，是一种重要的抗氧化防御机制，能有效地减少促炎细胞因子和抑制中性粒细胞向组织损伤部位的浸润。

9(E),11(E)-9-nitro Conjugated Linoleic Acid (9E,11E-9-nitro CLA) is a nitrated fatty acid produced from 9Z,11E-CLA through exposure to acidified nitrite, peroxynitrite, gaseous nitrogen dioxide, or the combined action of myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite. Additionally, it forms in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, a process that can be inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME. This compound has also been detected in human plasma.

Isorhamnetin 7-O-glucoside has antioxidant activity, it showed the peroxynitrite and DPPH scavenging activities with IC50 values of 2.07 - 0.17 and 13.3 microM, respectively.