Cinepazide is a vasodilator used for the treatment of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheralvascular diseases. Cinepazide acts as a potentiator of adenosine A2 receptors.
Flunarizine is a non-selective calcium entry blocker and a histamine H1 receptor blocker. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheralvascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of
Lobelin sulphate is an alkaloid that has actions similar to nicotine on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has a variety of therapeutic uses including in insomnia, and smoking cessation, peripheralvascular disorders, respiratory disor
Naftidrofuryl is used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be spasmolytic.
Lobeline, (+)- is an alkaloid that has actions similar to nicotine on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheralvascular disorders, insomnia, a
Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.