Temporin-GHd demonstrates antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 13.1 μM and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 26 μM. It enhances the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, leading to damage and leakage of cellular components. At elevated concentrations, Temporin-GHd disrupts existing biofilms and can bind to bacterial DNA, thereby hindering DNA migration .