learning

SB 202190 (FHPI) 是一种 p38 MAPK 抑制剂，可以抑制 p38α 和 p38β2 (IC50=50 100 nM)，具有选择性和细胞渗透性。SB 202190 具有抗肿瘤活性，还可以诱导人胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化。

Octopamine hydrochloride ((±)-p-Octopamine hydrochlorid) 是一种与去甲肾上腺素结构相关的生物单胺类物质，在无脊椎动物中起着神经调节剂、神经激素和神经递质的作用。它对转染人 alpha2-肾上腺素受体(ARs)的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞 α2-ARs 有刺激作用。它提高糖原分解、糖酵解、糖异生、摄氧量和门脉灌注压。

Paeoniflorin (Peoniflorin) 是从芍药根中提取的一种蒎烷单萜糖苷，具有抗癌作用、抗氧化应激、抗血小板聚集、血管扩张、降低血液粘度和抗炎活性等多种生物活性。它是一种热休克蛋白诱导剂，通过自噬途径保护 PC12 细胞免受 MPP+和酸性损伤。

CGP 35348 是 GABAB 受体的选择性拮抗剂 (EC50 = 34 μM)。 CGP 35348 可用于研究白化新生小鼠脑损伤后的神经肌肉协调和空间学习。

T-448 是一种可口服且具有高效性的赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶1 抑制剂（IC50：22 nM），可改善小鼠的学习功能。T-448 可用于研究记忆缺陷。

GGTI 2147 FA 是一种选择性 GGT 抑制剂，在海马体实验中双库林诱导的树突棘密度增加被消除，可能会降低小鼠的学习和记忆能力。

BRD4097是HDAC1 2 3 8检测中的阴性对照品,是一种选择性组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC3）抑制剂，可用于保护b 细胞和改善胰岛素抵抗，有助于促进认知功能和增强学习和记忆的形成。

Ginsenoside Rg1 (Panaxoside Rg1) 是人参的主要活性成分之一，可减少NF-κB 核易位。它改善认知功能受损，通过降低大脑Aβ水平来发挥作用。

Sunifiram (DM-235) 是一种 ampakine 样促智剂。

H-89 是一种具有选择性和高效性的蛋白激酶 A 抑制剂（IC50：48 nM），是一种候选的心脏保护剂，可诱导大鼠的空间学习障碍，可用于研究心肌梗死。

Unifiram 是一种认知增强剂。 Unifiram 诱导大鼠海马 CA1 区场兴奋性突触后电位 (fEPSP) 幅度的持久增加 (EC50= 27 nM) 并增加大鼠大脑皮层中乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 的释放。

Aftin-4 是一种 β-淀粉样蛋白42(Aβ42) 的诱导剂。

(S)-MCPG ((+)-MCPG) 是一种 I II 类代谢型谷氨酸受体 (mGluRs) 拮抗剂，可阻断大鼠的空间学习和体内齿状回的长期增强，可用于研究神经系统疾病。

delta-Valerobetaine 是一种饮食依赖性肥胖原，是微生物组衍生的代谢物，是三甲胺 N-氧化物 (TMAO) 的前体。delta-Valerobetaine对小鼠的学习和记忆过程有害，可调节抑制性突触传递和神经元网络活动。

H3R antagonist 4（compound 11l）作为一种胆碱酯酶与组胺 H3 受体（H3R）的双重抑制剂，展示出对eeAChE的 IC50 值为7.04 μM，对hAChE的 IC50 值为9.73 μM（可逆），及对H3R的 IC50 值为1.09 nM。此外，该化合物在抑制自身及Cu2+诱导的Aβ1-42聚集方面表现出色（抑制率分别为95.48%和88.63%），也能有效降解由自身及Cu2+诱导的Aβ1-42原纤维（降解率分别为80.16%和89.30%）。H3R antagonist 4 具有螯合多种生物金属如Cu2+、Zn2+、Al3+和Fe2+的能力，并显著降低Aβ1-42诱导的tau蛋白过度磷酸化。它还能抑制RSL-3诱导的PC12细胞凋亡和铁死亡。在 hCMEC D3 和 hPepT1-MDCK 细胞中显示出优秀的血脑屏障通透性和肠道吸收特性。在改善东莨菪碱诱导的阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型的学习与记忆障碍方面，H3R antagonist 4 亦显示出潜力。

Lecozotan (SRA-333) 是一种针对阿尔茨海默病治疗的强效特异性5-HT拮抗剂。此化合物能显著增强海马岛及齿状回区域受到钾离子刺激时谷氨酸与乙酰胆碱的释放，并显示出增强认知的特性。Lecozotan在长期使用下，未引起5-HT(1A)受体的耐受性或功能失调，表现出其稳定的药理特性。此外，急性给药可提高大鼠的学习记忆能力，而不影响其焦虑状态或行为抑郁。

BRD6688 为 HDAC2 的选择性抑制剂。本品可使原代小鼠神经元细胞中的 H4K12 和 H3K9 组蛋白的乙酰化作用增强。在 CK-p25 小鼠模型中，它可透过血脑屏障，并改善由p25 引起的神经退行性病变相关的记忆缺陷。

AR-R17779 hydrochloride 是一种有效和选择性的 nAChR 完全激动剂，对α7和α4β2亚型的Ki 直分别为 92 和 16000 nM。AR-R17779 hydrochloride 可以改善大鼠的学习和记忆能力。AR-R17779 hydrochloride 也具有抗焦虑活性。AR-R17779 hydrochloride 可通过激活抗炎胆碱能（迷走神经）通路减轻炎症。

DL-AP7 是一种竞争性NMDA 拮抗剂和抗惊厥剂。DL-AP7 阻断 NMDA 诱导的惊厥,并导致小鼠在被动回避任务中的学习表现受损。

Amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ42) is a neurotoxic 42-amino acid protein fragment found in amyloid plaques in postmortem cerebral cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease.1,2,3Aggregation of Aβ42 results in the formation of neurotoxic fibrils or globular oligomers.1Aβ42 accumulates in the brain of many transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and, in many models, the onset of amyloid deposition positively correlates with deficits in spatial learning and memory.4 1.Wolfe, M.S.Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's diseaseNat. Rev. Drug Discov.1(11)859-866(2002) 2.Iwatsubo, T., Odaka, A., Suzuki, N., et al.Visualization of Aβ42(43) and Aβ40 in senile plaques with end-specific Aβ monoclonals: Evidence that an initially deposited species is Aβ42(43)Neuron13(1)45-53(1994) 3.Hardy, J.A., and Higgins, G.A.Alzheimer's disease: The amyloid cascade hypothesisScience256(5054)184-185(1992) 4.Jankowsky, J.L., and Zheng, H.Practical considerations for choosing a mouse model of Alzheimer's diseaseMol. Neurodegener.12(1)89(2017)

Amyloid-β (25-35) (Aβ (25-35)) is an 11-residue fragment of the Aβ protein that retains the physical and biological characteristics of the full length peptide. It forms fibrils that react to thioflavin T and Congo red and are organized in a cross-β arrangement of β-strands similar to Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) fibrils. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) decreases the viability of rat adrenal PC12 cells. It also decreases the viability of primary rat cortical neurons at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 30 μM. In vivo, intracerebral injection of Aβ (25-35) (20 nmol) in rats induces lesions of neuronal and tissue loss. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) administered intracerebroventricularly to rats induces learning and memory impairments in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests.

Uridine-3'-monophosphate is a nucleoside used in the biochemical synthesis of ribothymidine-3'-phosphate. It has been used as a bioavailable source of uridine in research studies designed to enhance learning and memory.

PF-04449613 is a phosphodiesterase 9A (PDE9A) inhibitor (IC50= 22 nM).1It is selective for PDE9A over PDE1C (IC50= >1,000 nM), as well as over a variety of other PDEs, inhibiting PDE2-8, -10, and -11 activity by less than 30% in a panel of enzymes, ion channels, and transporters at 1 μM but does inhibit the human dopamine transporter (DAT; Ki= 293 nM). PF-04449613 (0.1-100 mg kg, s.c.) increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in rats. Subcutaneous administration of PF-04449613 (10 mg kg) increases the rate of dendritic spine formation and elimination in mouse primary motor cortex pyramidal neuronsin vivo.2It increases the average running speed of mice in an accelerating rotarod task, indicating improved motor learning, at the same dose. 1.Claffey, M.M., Helal, C.J., Verhoest, P.R., et al.Application of structure-based drug design and parallel chemistry to identify selective, brain penetrant, in vivo active phosphodiesterase 9A inhibitorsJ. Med. Chem.55(21)9055-9068(2012) 2.Lai, B., Li, M., Hu, A., et al.The phosphodiesterase 9 inhibitor PF-04449613 promotes dendritic spine formation and performance improvement after motor learningDev. Neurobiol.78(9)859-872(2018)

Betamethasone 21-phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid.1It prevents increases in macrophage and eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreases in blood leukocyte numbers in a guinea pig model of parainfluenza-3 viral infection when administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg but does not prevent airway hyperresponsiveness after infection.2Betamethasone 21-phosphate inhibits cell infiltration into the aqueous humor in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis when administered topically or subcutaneously at doses of 0.01-1% or 1 mg/kg, respectively.3It increases maximal lung pressure volume curves in fetal sheep when administered to pregnant ewes at 0.75 gestation at doses of 80 and 170 μg/kg.1Betamethasone 21-phosphate increases body weight, impairs learning and memory, increases anxiolytic behavior, and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in CD-1 mice but reduces body weight and increases neurogenesis with no effect on anxiety in high-anxiety DBA/2 mice when administered at a dose of approximately 25 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for seven weeks.4Formulations containing betamethasone 12-phosphate and betamethasone acetate have been used in the treatment of severe allergic conditions and a variety of immune-related conditions. 1.Loehle, M., Schwab, M., Kadner, S., et al.Dose-response effects of betamethasone on maturation of the fetal sheep lungAm. J. Obstet. Gynecol.202(2)186.e181-186.e187(2010) 2.Leusink-Muis, A., Ten Broeke, R., Folkerts, G., et al.Betamethasone prevents virus-induced airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigsClin. Exp. Allergy29(Suppl. 2)82-85(1999) 3.Tsuji, F., Sawa, K., Kato, M., et al.The effects of betamethasone derivatives on endotoxin-induced uveitis in ratExp. Eye Res.64(1)31-36(1997) 4.Aiello, R., Crupi, R., Leo, A., et al.Long-term betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium treatment has distinct effects in CD1 and DBA/2 mice on animal behavior accompanied by opposite effects on neurogenesisBehav. Brain Res.278155-166(2015)