supplements

Nicotinamide riboside 是维生素 B3 的来源，可以增强氧化代谢并防止高脂肪饮食诱导的代谢异常。它是具有口服活性的 NAD+的前体，增加 NAD+水平并激活SIRT1和SIRT3，可用于研究阿尔茨海默氏病的认知退化。

Ferrous Bisglycinate (Bisglycine iron(II) salt) 是口服具有活力的铁强化剂剂补充剂。它可用于研究缺铁性贫血。

Nicotinamide riboside Chloride 是维生素 B3 的来源，可以增强氧化代谢并防止高脂肪饮食诱导的代谢异常。它是具有口服活性的 NAD+的前体，增加 NAD+水平并激活SIRT1和SIRT3，可用于研究阿尔茨海默氏病的认知退化。

α-Lipoic Acid (DL-α-Lipoic acid) 是线粒体酶复合物的重要辅助因子，是一种抗氧化剂，可抑制NF-κB 依赖性的HIV-1LTR 活化。它还可诱导内质网应激介导的肝癌细胞凋亡。

L-Lysine (Aminutrin) 是一种人类必需氨基酸，能增加钙吸收，减少糖尿病相关疾病和改善肠道健康，可用于疱疹的研究。

L-Threonic acid Calcium Salt 是一种抗骨质疏松症，能够刺激抗坏血酸的吸收，常用于钙补充剂。

Levomefolic Acid (5-MTHF) 是一种具有口服活性、可穿过血脑屏障的天然活性叶酸，是广泛使用的叶酸食品补充剂。

Levomefolate calcium 是一种人工形式的叶酸。它是叶酸的一种辅酶形式，是膳食补充剂中生物利用度更高的替代品。

S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-methionine tosylate (SAMe) 是一种普遍存在的甲基供体，参与多种生物反应，包括由 DNA 和蛋白质甲基转移酶介导的反应。它可改善抑郁、与骨关节炎和纤维肌痛相关的疼痛以及肝毒性。

D-Pantethine (Pantomin) 是泛酸的二聚体形式, 是生产辅酶 A 的中间体。D-Pantethine 能够作为膳食补充剂，用于改善血液胆固醇和研究痤疮。

4-Methylpentan-2-amine hydrochloride 是一种脂肪胺类的兴奋剂，常被发现在膳食补充剂中。

Thioquinapiperifil is a type of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor found in dietary supplements.

Pinolenic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in Korean pine (Pinus orientalis) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seed oils. Both oils have been found to have lipid-lowering properties. A diet containing maritime pine seed oil (MPSO) lowered high-density lipoprotein and ApoA1 levels in transgenic mice expressing human ApoA1. MPSO was found to diminish cholesterol efflux in vitro. Korean pine seed oil supplements may help in obesity by reduction of appetite. People taking this oil had an increase in the satiety hormones CCK and GLP-1 and a reduced desire to eat. The activity of the oil is attributed to pinolenic acid. Pinolenic acid is not converted to arachidonic acid metabolically and can reduce arachidonic acid levels in the phosphatidylinositol fraction of HepG2 cells from 15.9% to 7.0%. Pinolenic acid ethyl ester is a neutral, more lipophilic form of the free acid.

Uridine-5’-monophosphate (UMP) is a ribonucleotide.1It is formedviadecarboxylation of orotidine-5’-monophosphate (5’-OMP) by OMP decarboxylase. UMP is further phosphorylated by UMP-CMP kinase to form UDP and UTP during nucleic acid biosynthesis. Formulations containing UMP have been used as dietary supplements. 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Nucleotide BiosynthesisBiochemistry(2002)

Palmitoleic acid is a common constituent of the triglycerides of human adipose tissue. Palmitoleic acid-based diets raise low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and diminish high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, even when dietary intake of cholesterol is maintained at a low level. Palmitelaidic acid is the trans isomer of the 16:1 fatty acid palmitoleic acid. While its effects on cholesterol levels are poorly studied, palmitelaidic acid can have very different effects from those of palmitoleic acid on lipid metabolism and mobilization. Palmitelaidic acid methyl ester is an ester version of the free acid which may be more amenable for the formulation of fatty acid-containing diets and dietary supplements.

15(S)-HETE methyl ester is a synthetic derivative of 15(S)-HETE , a major arachidonic acid metabolite from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway. Methyl esters of lipids are commonly used in formulations of nutritional supplements.

Epifriedelanol (Epifriedelinol) 是一种分离自 Ulmus davidiana 根皮中的三萜类化合物，具有抗肿瘤作用，可以减缓人原始细胞的衰老。

(+)-Bornyl acetate 存在于 Pichtae 精油 (西伯利亚冷杉针油) 中。它能够显著抑制拟南芥幼苗根系生长。

All-cis-4,7,10,13,16-Docosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (all-cis-4,7,10,13,16-DPA ethyl ester) is a derivative of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), an omega-3 fatty acid prevalent in fish oils. This ethyl ester form is commonly included in dietary supplements formulations to enhance omega-3 fatty acid intake.

Trimagnesium dicitrate nonahydrate (Magnesium citrate tribasic nonahydrate) 作为食品补充剂中的稳定剂和抗结剂，常见于固体和咀嚼形式。此化合物是一种具有口服活性的柠檬酸镁九水合物。

Gibberllin A7 (Gibberllin 7) 是重要的植物生长激素，可促进植物细胞生长和伸长。它可促进茎和根的快速生长，诱导有丝分裂并启动（打破休眠）并提高种子发芽率。它还参与诸如作为向地力、张力和花卉展示。Gibberellin A3(G1025, G7645) 和 A4 (G7276) 可用作植物生长培养基如 Murashige 和 Skoog 培养基的补充剂。 A3 和 A4 或 Gebberellins 组合的具体作用应在具体的植物应用中确定。

Isoformononetin (IFN) 是一种存在于人类膳食补充剂中的甲氧基异黄酮，具有免疫保护作用，通过抑制 NLRP3 ASC IL-1 轴激活来防止链脲佐菌素诱导的大鼠神经炎症模型。

Petunidin-3-O-glucoside chloride has significantly higher antioxidant activity than the Fe2+ control. Petunidin-3-O-glucoside causes problems in digestibility, may be important dietary supplements with beneficial health effects.

Epifriedelanol exhibits antibacterial activities. It also can reduce cellular senescence in human primary cells and may be used to develop dietary supplements or cosmetics that modulate tissue aging or aging-associated diseases. Epifriedelanol and friedel