grains

Pirimiphos-methyl (AI3-27699) 是一种速效有机磷杀虫剂和杀螨剂，对目标生物的乙酰胆碱酯酶有抑制作用。甲基嘧啶磷常用于农粮贮藏过程中甲虫、鼻甲虫、飞蛾和蝽蛄的防治。

Betaine chloride (Betaine hydrochloride) 是一种天然化合物，在许多食物中能够发现，也是能够维持正常 DNA 甲基化模式的特性甲基供体。

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) 是种子和谷物的磷储存化合物。 Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate 抑制酶促超氧化物源黄嘌呤氧化酶，IC50 为 6 mM，并具有抗氧化、神经保护和抗炎作用。

D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (D-Raffinose pentahydrate) 是果糖，半乳糖和葡萄糖组成的三糖，天然存在于各种蔬菜和谷物中。D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate 是一种功能性低聚糖。

Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) 是一种类异戊二烯，存在于水果、蔬菜和谷物中，包括大米。 Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) 抑制生长并诱导各种肿瘤细胞的凋亡。 Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) 保护单核细胞免受他汀类药物诱导的细胞毒性并抑制分枝杆菌的生长。

T-2 Toxin (T-2 Mycotoxin) 是饲料和谷物中的各种镰刀菌种产生的真菌次生代谢产物，具有很强的生殖毒性，可诱发多种心血管毒性。T-2 Toxin 是一种抑制肽基转移酶 (60s ribosomal 亚基) 结合和蛋白质合成的抑制剂，通过ROS诱导的细胞凋亡诱导TM4细胞功能障碍，抑制 DNA 和 RNA 的合成，增加肝脏脂质过氧化物的水平。

Zearalenone is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, which colonizes several grains.

Fumonisin B2 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme in various grains. It also is a potent inhibitor of sphingosine N-acyltransferase (ceramide synthase). Which disrupts de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis.

δ7-Avenasterol is a phytosterol that has been found in a variety of plant oils and grains, including olive and soybean oils and wheat, oats, and rye, and has antioxidant activities.1,2It reduces temperature-induced oxidation of safflower oil.3

4-deoxy Nivalenol-13C15is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 4-deoxy nivalenol by GC- or LC-MS. 4-deoxy Nivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin that has been found inFusarium.1It binds to eukaryotic ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis in mice when administered at doses ranging from 5 to 25 mg kg. 4-deoxy Nivalenol (0.1 and 0.2 mg kg) induces emesis in pigs and decreases feed consumption in pigs when administered at a dose of 40 ppb in the diet.2It induces lethality in mice (LD50= 46-78 mg kg).34-deoxy Nivalenol has been found inF. graminearum-infected cereal grains such as wheat, barley, and corn. 1.Pestka, J.J., and Smolinski, A.T.Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology and potential effects on humansJ.Toxicol.Environ.Health B.Crit.Rev.8(1)39-69(2005) 2.Forsyth, D.M., Yoshizawa, T., Morooka, N., et al.Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swineAppl. Environ. Microbiol.34(5)547-552(1977) 3.Pestka, J.J.Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action, human exposure, and toxicological relevanceArch. Toxicol.84(9)663-679(2010)

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng/ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng/ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS/MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0 18:0) (Cer(t18:0 18:0)) is a bioactive sphingolipid found in S. cerevisiae, wheat grains, and the stratum corneum layer of mammalian epidermis. Cer(t18:0 18:0) is composed of a phytosphingosine backbone amine-linked to a C18 fatty acid chain. Cer(t18:0 18:0) has a role in regulation of apoptosis, cell differentiation, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It also inhibits expression of the allergic cytokines IL-4, TNF-α, and transcription factors c-Jun and NF-κB in histone-stimulated murine skin tissue. Formulations containing cer(t18:0 18:0) have been used used in cosmetics as a skin protectants as they reduce water loss to prevent epidermal dehydration and irritation.

Lichenase (endo-1,3:1,4-β-D-Glucanase) 是一种特异性内切-(1-3),(1-4)-β-D-葡聚糖 4-葡聚糖水解酶。Lichenase 溶解谷物中的 β-葡聚糖并产生低聚糖 (GOS)。Lichenase 可用于降解细胞壁中的多糖。

Z-Pro-Ala是从小麦(Triticum aestivum L)的谷物和叶子中分离得到的酸性羧肽酶。

α-Tocotrienol 是维生素 E 的一种亚型，存在于蔬菜、水果、种子、坚果、谷物和油脂中。α-Tocotrienol 是抗氧化剂，可以降低胆固醇和其他脂类，也是神经保护和抗癌剂，在心血管疾病的保护中发挥作用。

Alternariol, methyl ether 是变质谷物中常见的霉菌毒素，在体外表现出致突变性和致癌性。