3-hydroxy Palmitic acid is a form of the 16:0 lipid palmitic acid . The lipid A part of lipopolysaccharides contain various 3-hydroxy fatty acids, making oxylipins such as 3-hydroxy palmitic acid useful as chemical markers of endotoxins. In R. solanacearum, 3-hydroxy palmitic acid is converted by an S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase to 3-hydroxy palmitic acid methyl ester, which acts as a quorum sensing signal molecule for post-transcriptional modulation of genes involved in virulence. Long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxy palmitic acid, are also known to accumulate during long-chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiencies. Such accumulation induces oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial bioenergetics deregulation and eventual multi-organ dysfunction.
Verrucarin A (Muconomycin A) 是一种 D 型大环真菌毒素。Verrucarin A 是一种蛋白质合成 (protein synthesis) 的抑制剂,来源于Myrothecium verrucaria,可抑制白血病细胞系生长,并激活巨噬细胞 caspases、凋亡和炎症信号。Verrucarin A 能有效提高 p38 MAPK 的磷酸化,降低 ERK Akt 的磷酸化。Verrucarin A 通过 p21 和 p53 的诱导引起细胞周期调控的解除。