excretion

BTRX-335140 (CYM-53093) 是一种有效的选择性口服活性 κ 阿片受体 (KOR) 拮抗剂，对 κOR、μOR 和 δOR 具有拮抗活性，IC50 值分别为 0.8、110 和 6500 nM。它可以很好地分布到 CNS 中，在大鼠中具有良好的体外吸收、分布、代谢、排泄和毒性以及体内药代动力学特征。

MDCG sodium (N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxyglucamine sodium) 是一种金属螯合剂，可促进Cd的胆道排泄。

Trans-​2-​butene-​1,​4-​dicarboxylic acid (3-Hexenedioic Acid) 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

DL-Penicillamine (3-Sulfanylvaline) 是一种螯合剂，推荐用于去除威尔逊病患者体内多余的铜。 它仅存在于使用或服用该药物的个体中。它是青霉素类抗生素最具特征的降解产物。它被用作抗风湿药和威尔逊病的螯合剂。

Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148) 是一种葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2 (SGLT2) 抑制剂，可与靶点竞争性结合。Dapagliflozin 可用于 2 型糖尿病的治疗，可以减少肾脏的葡萄糖重吸收，增加尿液中葡萄糖的排泄，从而降低血浆葡萄糖水平。

NSC-16590 (2-Aminoisobutyric acid) 对苍耳子叶中内源性乙烯(ethylene)的产生具有抑制作用。

Diphenmanil methylsulfate (Diphemanil mesylate) 是一种抗胆碱能季铵盐，可与毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体结合，从而减少胃酸、汗液和唾液的分泌。

Cholic Acid (Cholate) 是肝脏产生的主要胆汁酸，与牛磺酸或甘氨酸缀合，有助于脂肪吸收和胆固醇排泄。

L-Ornithine hydrochloride ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) 通过提高能量消耗效率和促进氨的排泄而具有抗疲劳作用。它是尿素循环中的关键反应物之一。

Potassium oxonate (Potassium azaorotate) 是用作尿酸酶抑制剂，都5-FU 磷酸化为5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate 具有抑制作用。

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid) 是尿液中排泄的内源性代谢产物 ，可作为生物素缺乏的早期和敏感指标。

EDTA, Disodium Salt, Dihydrate (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium dihydrate) 是一种金属离子螯合剂，用作蛋白酶抑制剂。EDTA, Disodium Salt, Dihydrate 是一种对纤维素酶活性无效的分子，广泛用于蛋白质纯化。EDTA, Disodium Salt, Dihydrate 通过与金属结合，促进其排泄。

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Minaline) 是一种天然生物碱类，从海洋细菌Pelomonas puraquaesp. Nov 中分离得到。

Cholic acid sodium (SodiumCholate) 是肝脏中产生的主要胆汁酸，通常与牛磺酸或甘氨酸结合，有助于脂肪吸收和胆固醇排泄。

L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) 具有抗疲劳作用，能够促进氨的排泄和提高能量消耗效率。

Penicillamine (Artamine) 是一种 penicillin 的代谢降解产物，是一种螯合剂，可作用于威尔逊氏病。

Xanthine amine congener trihydrochloride 是一种有效的腺苷拮抗剂，可逆转由腺苷激动剂 N6-环己基腺苷产生的尿流量、钠排泄和心率的减少。

Norathiol (N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxyglucamine) 是一种镉中毒解毒剂，也是一种金属螯合剂，可促进 109Cd 的排泄，可以用于治疗镉中毒。

Prorenoate 是一种甾体醛固酮拮抗剂，具有保钾利尿作用。Prorenoate 可拮抗醛固酮在肾元中盐皮质激素受体的活性，从而阻止钠的重吸收。这会干扰钠/钾交换器，导致钠和水排泄，同时减少钾排泄。

Cyclopenthiazide (Cyclomethiazide) 是一种噻嗪类利尿剂，用于治疗高血压和心力衰竭。减少钙离子和尿酸的排泄，增加钠和钾离子的排泄。

N-Isovaleroylglycine (Isovaleroylglycine) 是酰基甘氨酸，能够作为体重提高和肥胖的生物标记物。

Nitisinone-13C6is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of nitisinone by GC- or LC-MS. Nitisinone is an inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which converts 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPPA) to homogentisate in the tyrosine catabolic pathway.1Nitisinone increases urinary levels of HPPA and 4-hydroxyphenyllactate (HPLA) in rats when administered at a dose of 10 mg kg. Nitisinone (3 mg kg) prevents the neonatal lethality of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency in mice when administered to pregnant dams.2It exhibits hepatoprotective effects inFAH- -mice, such as prevention of increases in plasma levels of aspartate serine aminotransferase (AST) and conjugated bilirubin, when administration is continued following birth at a dose of 1 mg kg. Nitisinone (100 μg) decreases urinary excretion of homogentisate and increases urinary excretion of HPPA, HPLA, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate in a mouse model of alkaptonuria induced by ethylnitrosourea.3Formulations containing nitisinone have been used in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1). 1.Ellis, M.K., Whitfield, A.C., Gowans, L.A., et al.Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase by 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-dione and 2-(2-chloro-4-methanesulfonylbenzoyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-dioneToxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.133(1)12-19(1995) 2.Grompe, M., Lindstedt, S., al-Dhalimy, M., et al.Pharmacological correction of neonatal lethal hepatic dysfunction in a murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type INat. Genet.10(4)453-460(1995) 3.Suzuki, Y., Oda, K., Yoshikawa, Y., et al.A novel therapeutic trial of homogentisic aciduria in a murine model of alkaptonuriaJ. Hum. Genet.44(2)79-84(1999)

(±)8,9-DiHETE is a major metabolite of the 20:5 ω-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid .[1] It is produced in rat liver microsomes, but not renal microsomes, by the generation of the unstable intermediate 8,9-epoxy eicosatetraenoic acid from EPA by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Dietary EPA supplementation in humans results in substantial urinary excretion of vicinal diols, including 8,9, 11,12, and 14,15 forms.[2]

AY 31906 is a high ceiling diuretic with a relative potassium-sparing effect. AY 31906 has been shown to produce significant increases in the fractional excretion of sodium and chloride in dogs at a dose that produces no statistically significant changes

Tetrahydro-11-deoxy cortisol (THS) is the primary urinary metabolite of 11-deoxycortisol. Urinary excretion of THS is elevated in patients with 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, a condition resulting from mutations in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP11B1. Urinary levels of THS are also elevated in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) but are higher in patients with ACC compared to ACA.

CGP-28014 is an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase. CGP-28014 increases the renal excretion of both dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) but does not affect renal sodium handling indicating a different mechanism of action. CGP-28014 sign

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are compounds formed by non-enzymatic chemical reactions following the bonding of sugars to proteins or lipids during diabetes, uremia, aging, rheumatic arthritis, and other conditions. A receptor for the AGEs (RAGE) binds certain members of this class to initiate cell signaling.[1][2] Pentosidine is a well-characterized natural AGE that is often used as a biomarker for the production of all AGEs. While pentosidine can be measured in urine, the majority of this AGE is catabolized before excretion.[3] Reference：[1]. Neeper, M., Schmidt, A.M., Brett, J., et al. Cloning and expression of a cell surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end products of proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 267(21), 14998-15004 (1992).[2]. Brett, J., Schmidt, A.M., Yan, S.D., et al. Survey of the distribution of a newly characterized receptor for advanced glycation end products in tissues. American Journal of Pathology 143(6), 1699-1712 (1993).[3]. Miyata, T., Ueda, Y., Horie, K., et al. Renal catabolism of advanced glycation end products: The fate of pentosidine. Kidney International 53, 416-422 (1998).

Lumasiran sodium, an investigational RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic agent, targets glycolate oxidase to reduce hepatic oxalate production, thereby reducing urinary oxalate excretion. This compound shows promise in addressing the underlying cause of progressive kidney failure in individuals with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1).

Hydrocortisone-d4 是 Hydrocortisone 的氘代化合物。Hydrocortisone 的 CAS 号为 50-23-7。Hydrocortisone 是肾上腺皮质分泌的糖皮质激素。

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are compounds that are produced through non-enzymatic chemical reactions when sugars bond with proteins or lipids, occurring in conditions such as diabetes, uremia, aging, and rheumatic arthritis. A specific receptor, known as RAGE, interacts with select AGEs to trigger cell signaling. Pentosidine, a prominently studied natural AGE, serves as a common biomarker for assessing AGE production. Although pentosidine levels can be determined through urine analysis, it is predominantly broken down prior to excretion.

Pregnanetriol is a metabolite of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone .1,2It is formed from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone by reduction of the C-20 ketone.2Urinary levels of pregnanetriol are elevated in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.3,4 1.Kamrath, C., Hartmann, M.F., Boettcher, C., et al.Diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency by urinary metabolite ratios using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis: Reference values for neonates and infantsJ. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.15610-16(2016) 2.Schiffer, L., Barnard, L., Baranowski, E.S., et al.Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: A comprehensive reviewJ. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.194105439(2019) 3.Disorders of steroidogenesis guide to steroid profiling and biochemical diagnosis1(2019) 4.Shackleton, C.H.L.Role of a disordered steroid metabolome in the elucidation of sterol and steroid biosynthesisLipids47(1)1-12(2012)

URAT1&XO inhibitor 2 (Compound BDEO)是一种针对xanthine oxidase (黄嘌呤氧化酶) 及URAT1的双重抑制剂，对xanthine oxidase展现出优异的抑制效果，IC50值为3.3 μM。该化合物在表达URAT1的HEK293细胞中显著抑制尿酸的摄取，其Ki值达到0.145 μM。在动物模型中，URAT1&XO inhibitor 2有效降低高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸水平，并增加尿酸的排泄。该化合物主要用于高尿酸血症的研究。

Hexanoyl glycine is an acylated amino acid that is used as a urinary biomarker for several indications. It is normally biosynthesized from hexanoyl-CoA and glycine by the mitochondrial enzyme glycine N-acyltransferase. Increased urinary excretion of hexanoyl glycine in humans is indicative of a deficiency in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Increased urinary hexanoyl glycine can also be used as a biomarker for exposure to gamma radiation. Levels of hexanyl glycine can also be elevated during cancer, while they are decreased 20-fold in mice following treatment with the PPARα ligand Wy 14643.

CP21 is an iron chelator that binds to iron in a 3:1 (ligand:iron) ratio. It is active against P. falciparum when used at concentrations of 10 and 100 µM. CP21 inhibits production of prostaglandin I2 induced by epinephrine, arachidonic acid, or A23187 in isolated rat aortic rings with IC50 values of 1.3, 1.3, and 1.4 mM, respectively. It inhibits glutamate-induced oxytosis, as well as decreases iodoacetic acid-induced cytotoxicity in an in vitro model of ischemia, in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells (EC50s = 13 and 9.5 µM, respectively). CP21 (200 mg kg) increases the excretion of iron, but not copper, zinc, calcium, or magnesium, in rabbits.

L-Glyceric acid sodium is a urinary metabolite predominantly found in individuals with the rare inherited metabolic disorder, L-glyceric aciduria. This compound serves as a diagnostic tool for identifying primary hyperoxaluria type 2 (PH2) and can be used to differentiate between PH1 and PH2 based on its excretion pattern.

RPR132595A (NPC) hydrochloride，CPT-11的活性代谢产物，由细胞色素P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4) 催化产生，经尿液排出体外。

Glucagon 对蛋白质和氨基酸的代谢产生显著的调节作用。它抑制了氨基酸与肝脏、肌肉以及胰腺蛋白的结合，增加氮的排出，并促进肝脏内尿素的合成。同时，Glucagon 增加了肝脏中转氨酶和尿素循环酶的浓度，提高了肝脏对氨基酸的摄取，并加强了氨基酸与肝糖原之间的结合，从而降低了血液中的氨基酸浓度。

Estrone-3-Glucuronide is a metabolite of the primary premenopausal estrogen 17β-estradiol .1,2Urinary levels of estrone-3-Glucuronide peak approximately 36 hours prior to ovulation and have been used as a marker of fertility in women. 1.Blackwell, L.F., Brown, J.B., and Cooke, D.Definition of the potentially fertile period from urinary steroid excretion rates. Part II. A threshold value for pregnanediol glucuronide as a marker for the end of the potentially fertile period in the human menstrual cycleSteroids63(1)5-13(1998) 2.Adlercreutz, H., Brown, J., Collins, W., et al.The measurement of urinary steroid glucuronides as indices of the fertile period in womenJ. Steroid Biochem.17(6)695-702(1982)

5-chloro Hydrochlorothiazide is a derivative of hydrochlorothiazide, which is a diuretic and antihypertensive agent that increases renal excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions by inhibiting tubular reabsorptive mechanisms.

The naturally-occurring estrogens are estrone , estradiol , and estriol . 16α-hydroxy Estrone (16α-OHE1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of E1 as well as an interconversion product with E2. E1 is 16α-hydroxylated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, including CYP1A1, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, and CYP3A7, with CYP3A5 being breast-specific. 16α-OHE1 is sulphatized or glucuronidated before excretion. It is increased in rheumatoid arthritis and decreased by physical activity. Unlike the parent estrogens and other hydroxylated metabolites of E1, 16α-OHE1 binds covalently and persistently activates estrogen receptors. In addition, this metabolite increases cell proliferation and does not suppress TNF-α secretion, whereas other estrogen metabolites are not pro-proliferative and have marked effects on TNF-α secretion. The levels of 16α-OHE1 are increased in some forms of hormone therapy. Because hormone therapy increases breast cancer risk, 16α-OHE1 has been implicated as a risk factor for breast cancer, although supportive data remains elusive.

N-acetyl LTE4 is the major inactive metabolite of LTE4 found in bile. This route of metabolism is prominent in the rat, but of minor importance in humans. N-acetyl LTE4 is 100 times less potent than LTC4 as a vasoconstricting agent. In healthy human subjects urinary excretion of N-acetyl LTE4 is about 1.5 nmol mol creatinine, which is considerably less than that of LTE4 (12 nmol mol creatinine).

15-epiProstaglandin A1 (15-epiPGA1) is an R-stereoisomer of PGA1, belonging to the A-series prostaglandins derived from gorgonian soft corals. PGA1 is known for its effects on renal vasodilation, promoting sodium excretion through urine, and reducing arterial pressure in hypertensive individuals. However, the specific biological activities of 15-epiPGA1 have not yet been documented in published reports.

Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) is a compound significantly released from aggregating platelets and undergoes metabolic transformation during circulation into 11-dehydro TXB2 and 2,3-dinor TXB2. The latter, 2,3-dinor TXB2, serves as a prevalent urinary metabolite of TXB2 and acts as an indicator for in vivo TXA2 synthesis. Studies have shown that in healthy male volunteers, the median excretion rate of 2,3-dinor TXB2 is measured at 10.3 ng hour, equivalent to 138 pg mg of creatinine.

UNC569 (UNC 569) 是一种ATP 竞争性的、可逆、具有口服活性的Mer 激酶抑制剂，其IC50=2.9 nM，Ki=4.3 nM。它还抑制Axl 和Tyro3，IC50分别为 37 nM 和 48 nM。它可用于研究急性淋巴细胞白血病和非典型畸胎瘤/横纹肌瘤。

RO6806051 (compound 12) 是一种高活性且具良好选择性的双重脂肪酸结合蛋白 4 和 5 (FABP4 和 FABP5) 的抑制剂，展示了优良的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄 (eADME) 特性。

Trichlormethiazide sodium 是口服有效的噻嗪类利尿剂，显示降压活性。在急性肾功能衰竭大鼠中，Trichlormethiazide sodium 可增加尿量、Na 和 K 排泄，并有改善肌酐清除率 (CCRE)。

MK-789 is an inhibitor of dehydropeptidase I. MK-789 and MK-791 alter the renal excretion of N-formimidoyl thienamycin from glomerular filtration plus tubular secretion to glomerular filtration only, possibly by competitively inhibiting the penetration of

P-CRESOL-d3 (METHYL-d3) 是 P-CRESOL 的氘代化合物。P-CRESOL 的 CAS 号为 106-44-5。p-Cresol 是一种部分亲脂性部分，在正常条件下与血浆蛋白（接近 100%）强烈结合。对甲酚通过结合代谢，主要是硫酸化和葡萄糖醛酸化，但未结合的对甲酚至少部分通过尿液去除。