biological systems

G36是一种细胞可渗透的G 蛋白偶联雌激素受体(GPER/GPR30)的非甾体拮抗剂。G36抑制17β-雌二醇或GPER 选择性激动剂G-1的激活（IC50分别为112和165 nM）。G36对ERα或ERβ均无可检测的结合活性。G36通过GPER 阻断由雌激素触发的PI3K 的激活或钙动员，并且它通过雌激素或G-1而不是通过EGF 抑制ERK 的激活。

8-Amino-1-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid 是萘的衍生物，用作荧光染料和有机合成中的试剂。它是一种具有高Stokes 位移的高荧光化合物，使其成为广泛生物系统的理想荧光标记。

(+)-Catechin hydrate 是来自茶树的抗氧化类黄酮，可抑制环加氧酶-1，IC50为 1.4 μM。它是一种自由基清除剂，可防止多种生物系统中自由基介导的损害。

L-Cysteic acid monohydrate (3-Sulfo-L-alanine Monohydrate) 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium salt 广泛存在于生物提内的化合物，是葡萄糖第 6 号碳经过磷酸化后生成的分子，参与磷酸戊糖途径与糖酵解途径等体内多种多种代谢调节途径。

Thiamine pyrophosphate (Cocarboxylase) 是维生素 B1 的辅酶形式，是丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物和酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合物的必需中间体，能够用于研究评估生物系统中的脱羧机制。

Cefodizime 是一种新型头孢菌素抗生素，具有广泛的生物活性。Cefodizime 对肾脏没有毒性且具有良好的耐受性和免疫调节活性，具有抗菌活性，可用于研究呼吸系统和泌尿系统的严重感染。

NSC 404988 是一种苯甲酰胺类生物活性化合物，用于化合物的合成和药物的制备，还被用于药物代谢的研究和生物系统中代谢物的分析。

(S)-Coriolic acid (13(S)-HODE) 是一种重要的细胞内信号剂，是亚油酸与植物和哺乳动物脂氧合酶反应生成的，在各种生物系统中参与细胞增殖和分化。(S)-Coriolic acid 在 1 μM 左右时，它能抑制肿瘤细胞与血管内皮的粘附，能下调 IRGpIIb IIIa 受体的表达。(S)-Coriolic acid 是15-脂氧合酶 (15-LOX) 代谢产物，常作为内源性配体激活 PPARγ。(S)-Coriolic acid 诱导线粒体功能障碍 和气道上皮损伤。

H2S Donor 5a 是一种稳定的、半胱氨酸活化的的 H2S 供体。它是研究 H2S 的有用工具。

U 19963 是几种酶和受体的强效抑制剂，已被用于研究药物对生物系统的影响，它被发现具有广泛的生物活性，包括抗炎、抗肿瘤和抗菌特性。

DEPMPO is a nitrone that is used to spin trap reactive O-, N-, S-, and C-centered radicals and allow their characterization when used in association with electron spin resonance. It is noted for the stability of adducts formed. DEPMPO can be used in vitro or in vivo, as it crosses lipid bilayer membranes and is a good trapping agent in biological systems. DEPMPO-biotin is a biotinylated form of DEPMPO which retains the outstanding persistency of its adducts. The biotin moiety offers an effective means for monitoring biodistribution in cells, tissues, and organs when used with an avidin-conjugated reporter. Importantly, DEPMPO-biotin binds free radicals, such as S-nitroso groups, on proteins, producing adducts that can be analyzed via the biotin tag. This direct labeling of S-nitrosothiols (SNO) thus serves as an effective alternative to the more cumbersome biotin-switch method for monitoring SNO formation.

KB02-JQ1 is a potent and specific proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) that specifically degrades BRD4, acting as a molecular glue. It does not degrade BRD2 or BRD3. The mechanism of action involves covalent modification of the E3 ligase DCAF16, thereby promoting BRD4 degradation. Importantly, KB02-JQ1 demonstrates enhanced stability and durability in facilitating protein degradation within biological systems. The compound forms a complex with the ubiquitin E3 ligase ligand KB02 through a linker, resulting in the formation of KB02-JQ1[1].

8-iso-15(R)-Prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-15(R) PGF2α) is a chemically distinct member within a broad group of prostaglandin-like eicosanoids, produced through the free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid contained in membrane phospholipids. It represents the C-15 epimer of 8-isoPGF2α, distinguished as the sole isoprostane isomer extensively examined across numerous biological systems.

DMPO (5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) 是一种亲水自旋诱捕剂，具有细胞渗透性。DMPO 可用于超氧化物检测，可检测超氧阴离子和羟自由基。

Glutathione can occur in reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG), or in mixed disulfide forms and is ubiquitous in multiple biological systems serving as the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer of the cell. GSSG is the oxidized form of GSH . It can be reduced back to GSH through the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase. GSSG functions as a hydrogen acceptor in the enzymatic determination of NADP+ and NADPH and can be a proximal donor in S-glutathionylation post translational modifications. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as an indicator of oxidative stress, with higher concentrations of GSSG predicting increased oxidative stress.

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

(±)12-HEPE is produced by non-enzymatic oxidation of EPA. It contains equal amounts of 12(S)-HEPE and 12(R)-HEPE. The biological activity of (±)12-HEPE is likely mediated by one of the individual isomers, most commonly the 12(S) isomer in mammalian systems. 12-HEPE inhibits platelet aggregation with the same potency as 12-HETE, exhibiting IC50 values of 24 and 25 µM, respectively. [1] These compounds are also equipotent as inhibitors of U46619-induced contraction of rat aorta (IC50s = 8.6-8.8 µM).[2]

Erythropterin, a Pterin derivative, is a heterocyclic compound commonly found in biological systems.

8-Hydroxyguanine, generated through the oxidative degradation of DNA by the hydroxyl radical, serves as an indicator of oxidative stress in biological systems.

A 78773 is a potent, selective, direct, and reversible 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. It has activity in a variety of purified cells and in more complex biological systems such as whole blood, lung fragments, and tracheal tissues. A 78773 acts against inflamma

Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid, considered a potential neurotoxin, targets the nervous system and may pose significant health risks when absorbed or metabolized within biological systems.

Calcimycin (A-23187) 是抗生素和二价阳离子离子载体。它抑制革兰氏阳性细菌和一些真菌生长，也抑制 ATP 酶的活性并解耦哺乳动物细胞的氧化磷酸化。它通过增加细胞内钙浓度诱导 Ca2+依赖性细胞死亡。

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis and inactivation of fatty acid amides like anandamide and oleamide, has been identified as a target by the potent FAAH inhibitor PHOP. PHOP demonstrates remarkable inhibitory activity with K_i values as low as 0.094 nM for human FAAH and 0.2 nM for rat FAAH. Additionally, through a proteomics assay focusing on the serine hydrolase enzyme family, to which FAAH belongs, PHOP's selectivity was evaluated, presenting IC_50 values of 1.1 nM against FAAH, 1.4 nM against triacylglycerol hydrolase (TGH), and greater than 100 µM against an uncharacterized hydrolase (KIAA1363). This specificity profile of PHOP underscores its potential for yielding precise outcomes in studies involving complex biological systems.

(±)5-HEPE is produced by non-enzymatic oxidation of EPA. It contains equal amounts of 5(S)-HEPE and 5(R)-HEPE. The biological activity of (±)5-HEPE is likely mediated by one of the individual isomers, most commonly the 5(S) isomer in mammalian systems. EPA can be metabolized to 5-HEPE in human and bovine neutrophils, and human eosinophils, which is further metabolized to 5-oxoEPE and LTB5. The 5-series metabolites of EPA, namely 5-HEPE, 5-oxoEPE, and LTB5, have significantly decreased biological effects compared to the arachidonic acid-derived metabolites.

Kaempferol-3-O-α±-D-arabinoside displays cytotoxic and high antioxidant activity.Kaempferol-3-O-arabinoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging ROS, and protect cellular membrane against ROS; they can be applicable to new cosmeceuticals for antioxidant, antiaging, and antibacterial activity.

CYPMPO is a free radical spin trap with excellent trapping capabilities toward hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in biological and chemical systems. Decay of the superoxide adduct of CYPMPO proceeds in an apparent first order fashion with half-lives of 15 and 51 minutes in a UV-illuminated hydrogen peroxide solution and a hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. CYPMPO traps superoxide radicals generated by bovine neutrophils as effectively as DEPMPO.[1] The high melting point (126°C), low hygroscopic properties, and long shelf-life in aqueous solutions offer significant practical advantages for use of CYPMPO over DEPMPO and DMPO.

KB02-SLF is a PROTAC-based nuclear FKBP12 degrader, known as a molecular glue. It facilitates the degradation of nuclear FKBP12 by covalently modifying DCAF16, an E3 ligase. Moreover, KB02-SLF enhances the longevity of protein degradation in biological systems. The compound SLF acts as a linker, binding to the ubiquitin E3 ligase ligand KB02, resulting in the formation of KB02-SLF[1].

HTHQ (HTHQ(1-O-Hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone)) 是一种强力的亲脂性酚类抗氧化剂。它通过与活性氧直接反应，清除 ROS，从而形成更稳定的自由基，具有很强的抗氧化活性。

Carboxypeptidase A(EC 3.4.2.1) 是一种含锌的金属蛋白酶，常用于生化研究。Carboxypeptidase A 催化与多肽链 C 端相邻的肽键的水解。Carboxypeptidase A 是典型的金属蛋白酶，在生物系统中发挥重要作用。