toxins

Tirilazad mesylate (U 74006F) 是一种非糖皮质激素，是一种脂质过氧化抑制剂，具有抗病毒活性和神经保护活性。Tirilazad mesylate 能使细胞膜内病灶局限化，可减轻创伤、中风、缺血再灌注损伤引起的脊髓损伤，抑制狗体内毒素的作用，降低了内毒素诱导的肠系膜和肾脏 DO2 比容升高。Tirilazad mesylate 可用于研究神经系统疾病。

Silibinin (Silybin) 是水飞蓟的主要活性成分，具有抗癌和化疗预防作用，能抑制细胞增殖和迁移。

Hydrazinium hydroxide 是一种氟化羧酸，已被用于研究酶、激素和其他生物分子的作用机制，也已用于研究各种药物对身体的影响，以及研究环境毒素对身体的作用。

ABMA是一种广谱抑制剂，面向细胞内毒素和病原体。通过选择性作用于宿主细胞的晚期内体，而非直接针对毒素或病原体本身，ABMA有效地保护细胞免遭病毒、细胞内细菌及寄生虫等多种病原体的侵害，展现出广谱的抗感染活性。

Retro-2 (2-{[(5-methyl-2-thienyl)methylene]amino}) 是一种植物毒素蓖麻毒素抑制剂，它保护 HeLa 细胞免受蓖麻毒素、Stx1 和 Stx2 的侵害，选择性地阻断早期内体蛋白质-高尔基体界面处的逆行毒素运输。

AaHI，源自北非蝎子Androctonus australis hector的毒液，这种化合物是一种神经毒素，常用作开发能够中和毒素的活性物质的工具。

Janthitrem A is a mycotoxin that has been found inP. janthinellum.1It induces tremors in mice and decreases the time to fall from the rotarod when administered at a dose of 4 mg/kg.2Janthitrem A (20 μg/g) also reducesW. cervinatalarvae weight gain and food consumption. 1.Gallagher, R.T., Latch, G.C., and Keogh, R.G.The janthitrems: Fluorescent tremorgenic toxins produced by Penicillium janthinellum isolates from ryegrass pasturesAppl. Environ. Microbiol.39(1)272-273(1980) 2.Babu, J.V., Popay, A.J., Miles, C.O., et al.Identification and structure elucidation of janthitrems A and D from Penicillium janthinellum and determination of the tremorgenic and anti-insect activity of janthitrems A and BJ. Agric. Food Chem.66(50)13116-13125(2018)

Lolitrem B is one of many toxins produced by a fungus called Epichloë festucae (var. lolii), which grows in perennial ryegrass. The fungus is symbiotic with the ryegrass; it doesn't harm the plant, and the toxins it produces kill insects that feed on ryeg

Dendraspis Angusticeps Venom（Eastern Green Mamba Venom）是从Dendraspis Angusticeps（绿曼巴蛇）中提取的蛇毒，其含有利钠肽和成束蛋白（抗胆碱酯酶毒素）。这种毒液能够增强乙酰胆碱的释放，并抑制苯甲酸奎宁环与毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体（mAChR）的结合。

Tubulysin IM-3 是ADC 细胞毒素 (ADC Cytotoxin)， 也是一种微管蛋白结合剂。Tubulysin IM-3 可用作抗微管毒素 (anti-microtubule toxins)。

Phallacidin, a phallotoxin family member, targets and binds to F-actin in mushroom toxins.

Fasciculin-I 是从曼巴蛇的毒液中分离出的化合物。该物质通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）来发挥其毒性，同时阻碍烟碱乙酰胆碱受体与α-神经毒素以及心脏毒素与细胞膜的相互作用。

Phrixotoxin 3 TFA 是一种高效的电压门控钠通道阻滞剂，对NaV1.2、NaV1.3、NaV1.4、NaV1.1及NaV1.5的IC50值分别为0.6、42、72、288和610 nM。该化合物通过改变门控动力学的去极化并阻断钠电流的内向流，调控电压门控钠通道，表现出类似典型门控修饰毒素的作用机制。

Globotetraosylceramides are bioactive neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the major glycolipids in human erythrocytes. They act as receptors for the Shiga toxins Stx1, Stx2, and Stx2e, the cytotoxic protein pierisin-1, and parvovirus B19. Globotetraosylceramides increase the expression of proteins responsible for enamel deposition, including ameloblastin, amelogenin, and enamelin, in dental epithelial cells and activate the ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Levels of globotetraosylceramides are elevated in fibroblasts from patients with salt and pepper syndrome, a neurocutaneous condition characterized by intellectual disability and hyper- and hypo-pigmented skin. Globotetraosylceramides (porcine RBC) contains a mixture of globotetraosylceramides with variable fatty acyl chain lengths isolated from porcine red blood cells.

EGA 抑制致命毒素的中毒，并阻止多种其他酸依赖性细菌毒素和病毒进入哺乳动物细胞。EGA 是研究膜运输的有力工具，可用于治疗传染病。

Tubulysin IM-2 is an ADC Cytotoxin and tubulin binder used as anti-microtubule toxins .

Tubulysin IM-1 是 ADC 细胞毒素 (ADC Cytotoxin)， 也是一种微管蛋白结合剂，用作抗微管毒素 (anti-microtubule toxins)。

Parabuthus Granulatus Venom (Granulated Thick-tailed Venom) 是蝎子 Parabuthus granulatus 分泌的一种毒液，其中包含两种主要毒素，能够抑制电压门控Ca2+和Na+ channels。

Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) 是Cannabis sativa L.中的主要大麻素，能够抑制由毒素或晕动病引起的呕吐，并在大鼠脑干膜上通过激活5-HT1A受体改善症状。此外，CBDA能减少大鼠的呕吐频率，并在运动反应时延长呕吐潜伏期，效果优于大麻二酚。它还显示出抗炎、抗焦虑和抗抑郁的潜在活性。

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

Pectin是从高等植物细胞壁中提取的一种杂多糖。作为纳米颗粒制备，它用作活性分子的运载载体。此外，Pectin还具有吸附剂和广谱抗菌剂的功能，能够结合肠道粘膜中的细菌毒素及其他刺激物，从而缓解受刺激的黏膜。

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

PSM-β, 一种从表皮葡萄球菌中分离的活性肽，属于葡萄球菌毒素类似物，并且是酚溶性调节蛋白。该化合物展现出抑菌作用和低溶血性。

BRF110 is a brain penetrant, potent and selective agonist of nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1):Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) heterodimer. BRF110 is a neuroprotective agent that prevents dopaminergic neuron demise and striatal dopaminergic denervation in vivo against PD-causing toxins. It induced dopamine biosynthesis in vivo. BRF110 chronic dosing does not induce dyskinesia in mice model.

ADDA is a non-proteinogenic amino acid existed in toxins produced by cyanobacteria.

Dendroaspis Viridis Venom (Western Green Mamba Venom) 是从 Dendroaspis Viridis (绿曼巴蛇) 提取的蛇毒，其中含有多种毒蕈碱毒素亚型，这些亚型靶向不同的毒蕈碱受体 (mAChR)。该毒液是一种由小分子和多肽/蛋白质组成的复杂混合物，显示出神经毒性、细胞毒性、心脏毒性、肌肉毒性以及多种酶活性。进一步研究表明，这些毒素具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗凝和镇痛的潜在活性。

Loxosceles Bergeri Venom 是一种可以从Loxosceles Bergeri 中获得的毒液。Loxosceles 蜘蛛的毒液是一种复杂的毒素混合物，富含蛋白质、糖蛋白和低分子质量多肽。目前已鉴定出几种蛋白类，包括类虾蛋白酶金属蛋白酶、低分子杀虫肽、抑制剂半胱氨酸结肽 (ICK) 和磷脂酶 D。其中独特的酶，鞘磷脂酶 D 负责坏死的发展。

Pumiliotoxins (PTXs), are one of several toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs. There are three different types of this toxin: A, B and C, of which toxins A and B are more toxic than C. Pumiliotoxins interfere with muscle contraction by affecting

Emestrin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from E. striata that has antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities.1,2,3,4,5 It is active against the fungi C. albicans and C. neoformans, as well as the bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg ml, respectively).2 Emestrin is a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes).3 Emestrin (0.1 μg ml) induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells.4 It induces heart, thymus, and liver tissue necrosis in mice when administered at doses ranging from 18 to 30 mg kg.5 |1. Seya, H., Nakajima, S., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Structure and absolute configuration of emestrin, a new macrocyclic epidithiodioxopiperazine from Emericella striata. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 10, 657-658 (1985).|2. Herath, H.M.T.B., Jacob, M., Wilson, A.D., et al. New secondary metabolites from bioactive extracts of the fungus Armillaria tabescens. Nat. Prod. Res. 27(17), 1562-1568 (2013).|3. Herath, K.B., Jayasuriya, H., Ondeyka, J.G., et al. Isolation and structures of novel fungal metabolites as chemokine receptor (CCR2) antagonists. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 58(11), 686-694 (2005).|4. Ueno, Y., Umemori, K., Niimi, E.-c., et al. Induction of apoptosis by T-2 toxin and other natural toxins in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells. Nat. Toxins 3(3), 129-137 (1995).|5. Terao, K., Ito, E., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Experimental acute poisoning in mice induced by emestrin, a new mycotoxin isolated from Emericella species. Mycopathologia 112(2), 71-79 (1990).

B022 是一种具有选择性和高效性的 NF-κB 诱导激酶（NIK）抑制剂（Ki：4.2 nM），是治疗肝脏炎症和损伤的化学探针。B022 可避免肝脏免受氧化应激和毒素引起的炎症和损伤。

Endo CNTinh-03 具有抑制作用，可阻止 cAMP 和 cGMP 通过 G 蛋白偶联受体、腺苷酸环化酶及鸟苷酸环化酶的激动剂而升高（IC50为 4 μM）。此外，该化合物能够抑制霍乱毒素与Escherichia coli(STa) 毒素导致的氯离子电流，有效改善小鼠分泌性腹泻的症状，并在多囊肾病模型中防止囊肿的形成。

OSK-1 is a potent potassium channel blocker belonging to the α-KTx3 toxins. It exhibits IC50 values of 0.6 nM, 5.4 nM, and 0.014 nM for Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3 channels, respectively. Additionally, OSK-1 acts as a moderate blocker of the calcium-activated KCa3.1 channel, with an IC50 of 225 nM. Consequently, OSK-1 finds application as an immunosuppressive drug.

Bitis Cornuta Venom (Many-horned Adder Venom) 是从 Bitis Cornuta 提取的蛇毒，含有sPLA2毒素，该毒素具有通过抑制凝血酶原复合物以发挥抗凝活性的能力，并能促使凝血酶原转化为凝血酶，引发凝块形成。

Holothurin B, as a part of a group of toxins, is originally isolated from the sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizi.

Silibinin-d3 是 Silibinin 的氘代化合物。Silibinin 的 CAS 号为 22888-70-6。Silibinin 是水飞蓟的主要活性成分，具有抗癌和化疗预防作用，能抑制细胞增殖和迁移。