swelling

Pamabrom 是一种利尿剂，有效成分为8-bromotheophylline，能够缓解月经相关症状。

Diflucortolone valerate (Diflucortolone 21-valerate) 是一种强效皮质类固醇，可研究各种皮肤疾病。

Naphazoline (Naphcon-a) 是一种具有显着 α 肾上腺素能活性的拟交感神经化合物。 萘甲唑啉可用作血管收缩剂，当应用于粘膜时可快速减少肿胀。

Peptide5 acetate 可减少脊髓损伤后的动物肿胀、星形胶质细胞增生和神经元细胞死亡。 Peptide5 acetate 显着降低啮齿动物离体模型中的脊髓损伤 (SCI) 程度。

Zoniporide hydrochloride 是一种特异性的 NHE-1 抑制剂，IC50 为 14 nM，是其他 NHE 同工型的 >150 倍特异性。 Zoniporide hydrochloride 对人血小板的 NHE-1 依赖性肿胀的 IC50 为 59 nM。

TC-AQP1-1 是一种通过虚拟筛选鉴定的水通道蛋白 1 通道的阻断剂，并在低微摩尔浓度下抑制非洲爪蟾卵母细胞肿胀试验中通过 hAQP1 的水通量。

MTP 131 acetate 是一种小的线粒体靶向四肽。

ML-943 是选择性的、口服活性的MALT1 protease 抑制剂。它可抑制 PBMC 或全血中 IL-2 的分泌，PBMC 中抑制的IC50值为 0.07~0.09 μM，全血中抑制的IC50值为 0.6~0.8 μM)。它具有抗炎作用，可用于研究 FcgR 介导的炎症。

Eupalinolide B 是一种胚芽倍半萜，分离自Eupatorium lindleyanum 中。它对BGC-823、A-549 和 HL-60 等肿瘤细胞具有细胞毒性。

BMS-751324 是一种p38αMAPK 抑制剂。BMS-751324 含有氨基甲酰基亚甲基连接的前体，含有羟基苯基乙酸 (HPA) 衍生的酯和磷酸盐官能团。BMS-751324 在关节炎大鼠模型中有效抑制足部肿胀，并抑制 LPS 诱导的 TNFα 的生成。

Berotralstat (BCX7353) is a second-generation, synthetic, and orally active plasma kallikrein inhibitor with low toxicity. It is highly specific and effectively used in the research of hereditary angioedema (HAE) attacks. Berotralstat functions by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of plasma kallikrein, which is responsible for the release of bradykinin. This blocking mechanism targets the major biologic peptide involved in the promotion of swelling and pain associated with HAE attacks[1][2].

ISIS 104838 是一种反义寡核苷酸药物，能够抑制肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF-alpha) 的产生，造成类风湿关节炎关节疼痛和肿胀。

Naproxen ethyl ester is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class (the same class as ibuprofen) that relieves pain, fever, swelling, and stiffness. It is a non-selective COX inhibitor.

Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) sodium 是一种口服活性的选择性COX-1抑制剂，IC50值为 13 μM。Ibuprofen sodium 抑制细胞增殖、血管生成，并诱导细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。Ibuprofen sodium 是一种非甾体抗炎剂和一氧化氮 (NO) 供体。Ibuprofen sodium 可用于疼痛、肿胀、炎症、感染、免疫学、癌症的研究。

Berotralstat HCl is a novel selective inhibitor of plasma kallikrein, blocking the enzymatic activity of plasma kallikrein in releasing bradykinin, the major biologic peptide that promotes swelling and pain associated with attacks of HAE.

BI-9627 是一种具有选择性和高效性的钠氢交换异构体 1 (NHE1) 抑制剂。BI-9627 在细胞内 pH 恢复 (pHi) 和人血小板溶胀试验中 IC50 值为 6 和 31 nM， 可以部分逆转DMA的作用。BI-9627 常作为BI-0054的阴性对照，可用于研究离体心脏缺血-再灌注损伤。

Naproxen glucuronide is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class (the same class as ibuprofen) that relieves pain, fever, swelling, and stiffness. It is a nonselective COX inhibitor.

(S)-Ketoprofen-d3 是 (S)-Ketoprofen 的氘代化合物。(S)-Ketoprofen 的 CAS 号为 22161-81-5。S-(+)-Ketoprofen 抑制COX-1和COX-2的IC50值分别为 1.9 和 27 nM。

Viscidulin II can be potential therapeutic agents against P. acnes-induced skin inflammation, it can significantly suppress P. acnes-induced IL-8 and IL-1β production in THP-1 cells, concomitant intradermal injection of viscidulin II with P. acnes can effectively attenuate P. acnes-induced ear swelling, and decrease the production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in ear homogenates.

Peptide5 TFA，一种connexin 43模拟肽，能够降低动物脊髓损伤后的肿胀、抑制星形胶质细胞增生和神经元死亡。该化合物还可抑制NLRP3炎症小体，具有抗炎作用。

Body Protection Compound 157 (BPC 157) is a pentadecapeptide derived from BPC, identified in gastric juice, exhibiting diverse biological activities. At 2 µg ml, BPC 157 enhances primary rat tendon fibroblast cell migration and F-actin formation. Furthermore, doses of 0.01 and 10 µg kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), mitigate paw swelling, bone erosion, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the joints of rats with rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). It also diminishes gastric ulcer size in rats caused by indomethacin, aspirin, or diclofenac at these doses. Additionally, BPC 157 reduces catalepsy duration and tremor severity in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease triggered by MPTP.

Dexamethasone acetate monohydrate is an adrenocortical steroid. It is used in the treatment of many conditions, including rheumatic problems, a number of skin diseases, asthma, severe allergies, chronic obstructive lung disease, brain swelling, croup, and antibiotics

GPR183 antagonist-2 (化合物 32) 是一种选择性GPR183拮抗剂，水溶性好，药代动力学特性优异。该化合物能剂量依赖性地减轻胶原诱导的关节炎(CIA)小鼠模型中的爪子和关节肿胀，并显著抑制促炎细胞因子(MCP-1，MMPs 和 VEGF)的基因表达。GPR183 antagonist-2 适用于自身免疫性疾病的研究。

R-130823 is a ighly selective inhibition against mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha (IC50=22 nM). The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, -6 and -8 was inhibited in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood pretreated by R-130823 , with IC50 values of 0.089, 0.066, 0.95 and 0.16 microM, respectively. R-130823 reduced the established hind paw swelling in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, while methotrexate showed no suppression. In the same model, R-130823 ameliorated adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia with rapid onset and long duration comparable to a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib.

Sulindac (sodium) (MK-231) 是一种非甾体抗炎剂，具有口服活性。Sulindac (sodium) 用于减轻疼痛，肿胀和关节僵硬的关节炎。Sulindac 还用于脊柱关节炎、痛风性关节炎的研究。Sulindac (sodium) 作为一种免疫调节剂，可通过阻断 NF-κB 信号通路下调 PD-L1，调节 pMMR CRC 对抗 PD-L1 免疫治疗的应答，抑制结直肠癌 CRC 的发生发展。 Sulindac 还可通过下调 SIRT1 抑制 TGF-β1-诱导的 EMT，抑制肺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭。

Streptochlorin is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated from Streptomyces sp. SF2583 that has diverse biological activities, including antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and anti-allergic properties. It inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity and decreases proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 μM. Streptochlorin (12 μg/ml) decreases viability of, as well as induces apoptosis and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in, Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It does not induce cytotoxicity in RBL-2H3 mast cells at concentrations up to 100 μM. Streptochlorin prevents degranulation in antigen-stimulated mast cells, as well as inhibits Syk kinase and the Src family kinases LYN and Fyn and reduces the secretion of TNF-α and IL-4 induced by dinitrophenyl-human serum album (DNP-HSA) in RBL-2H3 mast cells. It also decreases swelling and reduces scratching behavior in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB).

BIX HCl is a sodium-hydrogen exchange type 1 inhibitor.

MPM-1 是海洋生物 Eusynstyelamides 模拟物，是一种有效的抗癌剂。MPM-1 可通过诱导坏死样死亡，在体外快速杀死癌细胞。MPM-1具有诱导免疫原性细胞死亡的能力。MPM-1在癌细胞中干扰细胞自噬 (autophagy) 和溶酶体膨胀。

Piriprost is a leukotriene inhibitor attenuates the smoke-induced increase in alveolar-capillary barrier permeability and decrease in plasminogen activator activity and causes a swelling of type I alveolar epithelium.

DCPIB 是选择性可逆体积调节性阴离子通道抑制剂，抑制肿胀激活氯电流，在 CPAE 细胞中，IC50值为 4.1 μM。它能够电压依赖性激活钾离子通道 TREK1 和 TRAAK，抑制 TRESK、TASK1 和 TASK3的 IC50值分别为 0.14、0.95 和 50.72 μM。

NX-7081 is a novel small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90, which blocks components of inflammation, including cytokine production, protein kinase activity, and angiogenic signaling. SNX-7081 showed strong binding affinity to Hsp90 and expected induction of Hsp70. NF-kappaB nuclear translocation was blocked by SNX-7081 at nanomolar concentrations, and cytokine production was potently inhibited. Growth factor activation of ERK and JNK signaling was significantly reduced by SNX-7081. NO production was also sharply inhibited. In animal models, SNX-4414 fully inhibited paw swelling and improved body weight.

Agaric acid (Agaricinic Acid) 来一种自真菌部落的Polyporus officinalis 和Polyporus igniarius。它可促进积累的 Ca2+流出，跨膜电位的破坏和线粒体肿胀。它通过其与腺嘌呤核苷酸转位酶的相互作用诱导线粒体通透性转变。它用于调节脂类代谢。

S-(+)-Ketoprofen ((S)-(+)-Ketoprofen) 抑制 COX-1和 COX-2的IC50值分别为 1.9 和 27 nM。

JAK-IN-34 对JAKs具有有效抑制作用，其IC50值分别针对JAK1、JAK2、JAK3、TYK2为0.40、0.83、2.10、1.95 nM 。此外，JAK-IN-34 能够降低关节肿胀，并展现出良好的安全性。

N-Ac-4-S-CAP对特定黑色小鼠毛囊中的黑素细胞显示出选择性的细胞毒性。该化合物可以在接种后4小时内引起毛囊中黑素细胞的明显变化，如黑色素颗粒的聚集和细胞核的浓缩，并在电子显微镜下观察到黑素细胞逐步破坏的现象，包括膜性细胞器的肿胀、细胞核浓缩和细胞质的空泡化，终导致细胞死亡。此外，N-Ac-4-S-CAP能导致处理后的黑色小鼠毛囊中98%的脱色。这种化合物对活跃的真黑素生产细胞具有特异性细胞毒性，而对前体或处于休眠状态的黑素细胞影响较小。N-Ac-4-S-CAP因此在黑色素瘤抑制和皮肤美白方面展示了潜在的应用前景。

Fluocinolone 是一种皮质类固醇，用于缓解由皮肤状况引起的红肿、瘙痒、肿胀或其他不适。

Connexin43 mimetic peptide. Reduces swelling, astrogliosis, neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury ex vivo and in vivo. Exhibits analgesic effects in models of neuropathic pain. O'Carroll et al (2008) Connexin 43 mimetic peptides reduce swelling, astrogliosis and neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury. Cell.Commun.Adhes. 15 27 PMID:18649176 |Mao et al (2017) Characterisation of Peptide5 systemic administration for treating traumatic spinal cord injured rats. Exp.Brain.Res. 235 3033 PMID:28725925 |Kim et al (2017) Characterising the mode of action of extracellular Connexin43 channel mimetic peptides in an in vitro ischemia injury model. Biochem.Biophys.Acta. 1861 68 PMID:27816754 |Tonkin et al (2017) Attenuation of mechanical pain hypersensitivity by treatment with Peptide5, a connexin-43 mimetic peptide, involves inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in nerve-injured mice. Exp.Neurol. 300 1 PMID:29055716

d-(KLAKLAK)2 是一种兼具抗菌和抗肿瘤特性的多肽，作为抗菌肽的典型代表，展现出优越的抗癌效果。其通过破坏细菌细胞膜导致细胞内容物泄漏杀灭细菌。同时，d-(KLAKLAK)2 能引发线粒体肿胀及膜破坏，诱导细胞凋亡（apoptosis），从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。

Anti-inflammatory agent 40 是潜在的口服抗疟疾(anti-malarial)与抗炎(Anti-inflammatory)化合物，能抑制卡拉胶诱导的足跖肿胀。

Antitrypanosomal agent 12 是 C20-苯基硫脲化合物，显示出杀锥虫和细胞毒性。该化合物在实现 50% 生长抑制(GI50)时所需浓度为0.22 μM，能在血流形式的锥虫中引起细胞肿胀。

Anti-inflammatory agent 46（compound 7h）是一种能够抑制一氧化氮（NO）生成的化合物，通过与iNOS低能量结合，在体内有效减缓小鼠肿胀（剂量为10 mg kg）。

Piroxicam betadex is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The mechanism of action of piroxicam is as a cyclooxygenase Inhibitor. It is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. It is used to reduce pain, swelling, and joint stiffness from arthritis. Reducing these symptoms helps you do more of your normal daily activities.

IRBP1-20（1-20）是IRBP的一个十二肽片段，亦称视黄醇结合蛋白3，负责运输视锥细胞中的视黄醇和视黄醛至视网膜色素上皮，参与色素再生。在携带H-2b等位基因型的C57BL/6小鼠中，IRBP1-20用于诱导自身免疫性葡萄膜视网膜炎。IRBP1-20（3 µM）能增加初级小鼠脾淋巴细胞分泌IL-4、IL-5和IL-6的水平。用IRBP1-20免疫并再次挑战，可增加IFN-γ缺乏小鼠的耳部肿胀、眼部血管炎症、免疫细胞浸润和视锥细胞层损伤，以及视网膜脱落。

Hit 14 作为C-X-C趋化因子受体4型(CXCR4)的抑制剂，具有254 nM的IC50值。该化合物能够抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移和侵袭。此外，Hit 14 抑制Akt磷酸化，显示出抗炎活性，并能有效减轻小鼠模型耳部的肿胀和损伤。

HSP90-IN-31（compound Be01）能够显著降低树突状细胞（DC）表面CD80与CD86的表达。在LPS激活的BMDC和腹膜巨噬细胞中，该化合物有效减少了促炎细胞因子（IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β）的产量。此外，在迟发型超敏反应（DTH）的小鼠模型中，HSP90-IN-31能减轻耳部的肿胀及脾脏内的促炎细胞因子水平。