Nε-(1-Carboxyethyl)-L-lysine (CEL), a known advanced glycation end product (AGE), forms through the interaction of methyl glyoxal and lysine residues within proteins. Unlike its free form, protein-bound CEL can attach to the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Its concentrations are notably higher in the lenses of diabetic cataract patients and are reduced in rat heart mitochondria following sustained caloric restriction. Furthermore, at 1 mM, CEL impedes glutamate uptake and the release of S100B in rat hippocampal slices, an effect that occurs independently of RAGE.
D-Lysine lactam is a chiral building block.1,2It has been used in the synthesis of a chiral antibiotic synthetic intermediate, as well as in the stereoselective synthesis of neurokinin (NK) receptor antagonists. 1.Kumar, A., Bhashkar, B., Bhavsar, J., et al.Catalytic reduction: Efficient synthesis of chiral key intermediate of besifloxacin hydrochlorideDer Pharma Chemica7(9)297-3000(2015) 2.Gerspacher, M., Lewis, C., Ball, H.A., et al.Stereoselective preparation of N-[(R,R)-(E)-1-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-3- (2-oxoazepan-3-yl)carbamoyl]allyl-N-methyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, a potent and orally active dual neurokinin NK(1)/NK(2) receptor antagonistJ. Med. Chem.46(16)3508-3513(2003)