adjuvant-induced

Trametinib (GSK1120212) 是一种 MEK 抑制剂，抑制 MEK1 和 MEK2 (IC50=0.7 0.9 nM)，具有 ATP 非竞争性和口服活性。Trametinib 可以激活自噬，诱导凋亡。

Folinic acid (Leucovorin) 是一种可用于治疗甲氨蝶呤的生物叶酸，通常与 Methotrexate (MTX) 联用来降低 MTX 诱导的毒性，可用于辅助治疗结肠癌。

Fendosal (HP-129) 是一种非甾体抗炎药。在预防性和治疗性辅助诱导的慢性炎症多关节炎模型中，它的活性是阿司匹林的 6.9 至 9.5 倍。

AP-18 是选择性的 TRPA1 抑制剂。AP-18 可以抑制 50 μM 肉桂醛诱导的 TRPA1 激活，在小鼠和人中的 IC50 分别为 4.5 μM 和 3.1 μM。AP-18 可以逆转 CFA 诱导的小鼠机械性痛觉过敏。AP-18 可以浓度依赖的方式减弱 30 μM AITC 诱导的 Yo-Pro 摄取(IC50= 10.3 μM)。

Flavokawain B (Flavokavain B) 是从卡瓦醉椒的根提取物中，分离出的查尔酮。它是一种凋亡诱导剂，可抑制各种癌细胞株生长。它以极低的无毒浓度抑制人脑内皮细胞的迁移和血管形成，具有抗血管生成活性。

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a 13-amino acid peptide hormone produced by post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary gland, as well as in keratinocytes, astrocytes, monocytes, and gastrointestinal cells.1It is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and MC4R that induces cAMP production in Hepa cells expressing the human receptors (EC50s = 0.16 and 56 nM, respectively).2α-MSH (100 pM) reducesS. aureuscolony formation andC. albicansgerm tube formationin vitro.3It inhibits endotoxin-, ceramide-, TNF-α-, or okadaic acid-induced activation of NF-κB in U937 cells.1α-MSH reduces IL-6- or TNF-α-induced ear edema in mice.4It also prevents the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and increases survival in a mouse model of septic shock. Increased plasma levels of α-MSH are positively correlated with delayed disease progression and reduced death in patients with HIV.1 1.Catania, A., Airaghi, L., Colombo, G., et al.α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease statesTrends Endocrinol. Metab.11(8)304-308(2000) 2.Miwa, H., Gantz, I., Konda, Y., et al.Structural determinants of the melanocortin peptides required for activation of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.273(1)367-372(1995) 3.Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J.M., et al.Antimicrobial effects of a-MSH peptidesJ. Leukoc. Biol.67(2)233-239(2000) 4.Lipton, J.M., Ceriani, G., Macaluso, A., et al.Antiiinflammatory effect of the neuropeptide a-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammationAnn. N.Y. Acad. Sci.25(741)137-148(1994)

Baicalein monohydrate is an inhibitor of 12-lipoxygenase, leukotriene biosynthesis and release of lysosomal enzymes. It also inhibits cellular Ca2+ uptake and mobilization and adjuvant-induced arthritis.

I-287为一种口服活性PAR2选择性抑制剂，能对Gαq和Gα12 13的活性以及其下游效应物施加负异构调控。该化合物能够减轻Complete Freund's adjuvant引发的小鼠炎症，适用于免疫炎症研究。

K 41498 是一种针对皮质酮释放因子受体2α（CRF2α）和CRF2β的肽拮抗剂，其在表达人类受体的HEK293细胞中的Ki值分别为0.66和0.62 nM。它对CRF2α和CRF2β具有选择性，与CRF1相比（在表达人类受体的HEK293细胞中Ki值为425 nM）。K 41498 (1.84 µg/动物, 静脉注射) 能够阻止大鼠由于尿催肾上腺皮质激素引发的低血压。通过脊髓内给药，K 41498 (0.075-0.5 µmol/动物) 能降低完全弗氏佐剂引起的大鼠模型中机械性爪撤回阈值。

JC-171 is a selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, with an IC50 of 8.45 μM for inhibiting LPS ATP-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release from J774A.1 macrophages[1]. JC-171 (0-100 μM) blocks NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production in primary macrophages dose dependently[1]. Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Line: J774A.1 murine macrophage cells JC-171 treatment delays the progression and reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mouse[1]. Animal Model: Mice immunized subcutaneously with 200 μg Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 peptide emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) on day 0 followed by injection of 200 ng of pertussis toxin. [1]. Chunqing Guo, et al. Development and Characterization of a Hydroxyl-Sulfonamide Analogue, 5-Chloro-N-[2-(4-hydroxysulfamoyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-2-methoxy-benzamide, as a Novel NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor for Potential Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2017 Oct 18;8(10):2194-2201.

MF-592 is a potent and selective antagonists of the EP4 receptor. MF-592 demonstrated good functional potency (hEP4 IC50 = 3 nM) and potent inhibition of PGE2 modulated TNFa release in LPS stimulated human whole blood (hWB) (IC50 = 78nM). In addition, it showed an excellent oral pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and in vivo efficacy in a rat chronic adjuvant-induced-arthritis model (ED50 = 0.1 mg/kg/day).. MF-592 has a desirable overall preclinical profile that suggests it is suitable for further development.

9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME is a linoleic acid-derived oxylipin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It has been found in various plants and is produced in human eosinophils in a 15-lipoxygenase-dependent, soluble epoxide hydrolase-independent manner.1,59(S),12(S)13(S)-TriHOME inhibits antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 28.7 μg ml).2It inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in BV-2 microglia (IC50= 40.95 μM).3In vivo, 9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME (1 g animal) enhances the antiviral IgA and IgG antibody responses induced by a nasal influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine by 5.2- and 2-fold, respectively, in mice.4 1.Hamberg, M., and Hamberg, G.Peroxygenase-catalyzed fatty acid epoxidation in cereal seeds: Sequential oxidation of linoleic acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acidPlant Physiol.110(3)807-815(1996) 2.Hong, S.S., and Oh, J.S.Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells isolated from wheat branJ. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.5569-74(2012) 3.Kim, C.S., Kwon, O.W., Kim, S.Y., et al.Five new oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensisLipids49(11)1151-1159(2014) 4.Shirahata, T., Sunazuka, T., Yoshida, K., et al.Total synthesis, elucidation of absolute stereochemistry, and adjuvant activity of trihydroxy fatty acidsTetrahedron62(40)9483-9496(2006) 5.Fuchs, D., Tang, X., Johnsson, A.-K., et al.Eosinophils synthesize trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) via a 15-lipoxygenase dependent processBiochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids1865(4)158611(2020)

Taraxasteryl acetate 是分离自矢状疟原虫中，具有广谱的抗炎活性。它能够改善右旋糖酐、酵母聚糖及花生四烯酸诱导的大鼠后爪水肿。它可用于研究局部炎症。

Body Protection Compound 157 (BPC 157) is a pentadecapeptide derived from BPC, identified in gastric juice, exhibiting diverse biological activities. At 2 µg ml, BPC 157 enhances primary rat tendon fibroblast cell migration and F-actin formation. Furthermore, doses of 0.01 and 10 µg kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), mitigate paw swelling, bone erosion, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the joints of rats with rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). It also diminishes gastric ulcer size in rats caused by indomethacin, aspirin, or diclofenac at these doses. Additionally, BPC 157 reduces catalepsy duration and tremor severity in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease triggered by MPTP.

R-130823 is a ighly selective inhibition against mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha (IC50=22 nM). The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, -6 and -8 was inhibited in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood pretreated by R-130823 , with IC50 values of 0.089, 0.066, 0.95 and 0.16 microM, respectively. R-130823 reduced the established hind paw swelling in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, while methotrexate showed no suppression. In the same model, R-130823 ameliorated adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia with rapid onset and long duration comparable to a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib.

Cryogenine is an alkaloid originally isolated from H. salicifolia that has anti-inflammatory activity.1 It inhibits prostaglandin synthetase (IC50 = 424 μM). Cryogenine (100 mg kg per day, p.o.) reduces paw edema and the mean arthritic index in a rat model of adjuvant-induced polyarthritis.2 |1. Lema, W.J., Blankenship, J.W., and Malone, M.H. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibition by alkaloids of Heimia salicifolia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 15(2), 161-167 (1986).|2. Kosersky, D.S., Brown, J.K., and Malone, M.H. Effects of cryogenine on adjuvant-induced arthritis and serum turbidity in rats. J. Pharm. Sci. 62(12), 1965-1971 (1973).

D-Mannuronic acid sodium，一种可从Macrocystis pyrifera中分离得到的化合物，显示出在自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)、佐剂性关节炎(AIA)、肾病综合征以及急性肾小球肾炎的研究中具有潜在应用价值。

Trametinib (DMSO solvate) (GSK-1120212 (DMSO solvate)) 是一种口服有效的 MEK 抑制剂，抑制 MEK1 和 MEK2 的 IC50分别为 2 nM。它还能激活自噬，诱导凋亡。

Sodium thiosulfate (Pentahydrate) is an antioxidant and antifungal. Sodium thiosulfate protects against cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children and is not associated with serious adverse events attributed to its use[3]. The addition of sodium thiosulfate, administered 6 hours after cisplatin chemotherapy, resulted in a lower incidence of cisplatin-induced hearing loss among children with standard-risk hepatoblastoma, without jeopardizing overall or event-free survival[4]. Calciphylaxis is a potentially fatal disorder of abnormal calcium deposition. Treatment is multifaceted, and improved outcomes have been demonstrated with intravenous sodium thiosulfate; however, the use of this medication can be limited by its adverse effects[5]. TST (topical sodium thiosulfate) appears to be a relatively well-tolerated adjuvant treatment for CC(calcinosis cutis)[6]. The combined treatment of sodium thiosulfate, pamidronate and calcitomimetics has been effective and safe for the treatment of calciphylaxis, inducing complete remission[7].

AHR-10037是一种非甾体抗炎药，具有镇痛和解热特性以及高治疗指数，低胃毒性，它在抑制急性（伊文思蓝卡拉胶胸腔积液）和慢性（佐剂诱导的关节炎）炎症方面与吲哚美辛相当。研究表明，它在体内转化为环氧合酶抑制剂的前药。