蓝蓟属

Stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties.

Echimidine, a major hepatotoxic dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid produced by E. plantagineum, in the honey (780 ng/g) and in the subsequent mead samples (236-540 ng/mL). Echimidine-N-Oxide has antifungal activity.