Diazoxide (Proglycem) is a benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.

Diazoxide 可抑制小胶质细胞的炎症活动。Diazoxide 处理可部分抑制 LPS/IFN-γ 在小胶质细胞中诱导的炎症模式，诱导 NO 生成的减少可能是由于检测到 iNOS 表达的减少。Diazoxide 对小胶质细胞的吞噬作用没有影响[1]。

Diazoxide 有利于改善认知任务、减轻焦虑、减少淀粉样蛋白-β寡聚体的积累和 tau 蛋白的过度磷酸化。Diazoxide 还可以通过降低神经元的兴奋性和激活 N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体，或增加α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑丙酸（AMPA）受体的电流，在激活 K+ 通道之外发挥神经保护作用。经Diazoxide 处理的动物在出现首批临床症状几天后（即疾病的急性炎症期），疾病的严重程度会有所减轻。在EAE小鼠的效应期，每天口服Diazoxide 可减轻临床症状的严重程度，且无任何明显的不良反应。二氮氧化物可减少脱髓鞘和轴突丢失，减轻组织损伤，抑制小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞和星形胶质细胞的活化，保护神经元的完整性。对浸润脊髓的 B 淋巴细胞和 T 淋巴细胞的数量没有影响[1]。

The phagocytic ability of microglia is determined by the uptake of 2-μm red fluorescent microspheres by BV-2 cells. Cells are treated with diazoxide 100 μM and activated with LPS/IFN-γ and then incubated with microspheres at a concentration of 0.01% for 30 min in the dark at 37°C and 5% CO2. Cells are rinsed twice in PBS solution, pelleted at 1,000 g for 5 min and resuspended in 300 μL PBS. Cells are kept on ice and analyzed by flow cytometry.(Only for Reference)