BEC hydrochloride (BEC HCl) is a competitive arginase inhibitor, which bind slowly. Ki of BEC HCl is 0.31 μM (pH7.5) for Arginase II, and is 0.4-0.6 μM for rat Arginase I.

Arginase II:0.31 μM(Ki)

BEC causes significant enhancement of NO-dependent smooth muscle relaxation. [2] In myocytes, BEC augments Ca(2+)-dependent NOS activity and NO production, and increases basal contractility. [3] BEC also inhibits the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by decreasing the expression levels of cyclin D1 and CDK4, increasing the expression of p27, and partly reducing the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK. [5]

In mice with allergic inflammation (OVA/OVA), BEC enhances peribronchiolar and perivascular inflammation, leads to enhanced NF-κB DNA binding and NF-κB-dependent inflammatory gene expression, and causes an increase in the content of NOx. [4] In rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension, BEC reduces the right ventricle systolic pressure. [5]

PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ enzyme assays: The inhibition of PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ human recombinant PI3K isoforms is evaluated using a Kinase-Glo Plus Assay Kit. 12 point half-log concentration-response curves with a top concentration of 100 μM are constructed by dispensing DMSO solubilised compounds into white 384-well medium-binding microplates using an Echo 555. 3 μL of the appropriate PI3K? in Tris buffer (50 mM Tris pH7.4, 0.05% CHAPS, 2.1 mM DTT, and 10 mM MgCl2) is added. The plate is covered and allowed to pre-incubate with compound for 20 minutes prior to addition of 3 μL of substrate solution containing PIP2 and ATP. The enzyme reaction is stopped after 80 minutes by the addition of Kinase Glo detection solution. Plates are covered and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature before the luminescence signal is read using a PHERAstar plate reader. The final concentrations of DMSO, ATP and PIP2 in the assay are 2%, 8 μM, and 80 μM respectively. The final concentrations of PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ are respectively 20 nM, 20 nM, 45 nM and 30 nM. For PI3Kα, PI3Kβ and PI3Kδ the concentration of active enzyme is determined as outlined in the enzyme assay tight binding limit determination section. For PI3Kγ the concentration of enzyme is determined by Bradford assay. IC50 values are calculated using Genedata Screener.