TFGF-18 is a GSK-3β inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.59 μM. It suppresses microglial activation and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by LPS by inhibiting GSK-3β and downstream p65/NF-κB signaling. TFGF-18 also prevents neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress, reduces the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-3, while increasing Bcl-2 expression. It offers neuroprotection by inhibiting neuroinflammation and alleviating cognitive impairment.